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Title: Holidays/Easter - The Date of Easter Gives the ecclesiastical rules for setting the date for Easter on calendars, differences with astronomical methods, and the current algorythm used to compute the date every year.
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The Date of Easter The Date of Easter Astronomical Applications Dept. Skip navigation Astronomical Applications Department Data Services Complete Sun and Moon Data for One Day Rise/Set/Twilight Table for an Entire Year What the Moon Looks Like Today Dates of Primary Phases of the Moon Altitude & Azimuth of Sun or Moon Day/Night Across the Earth Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, Aphelion Julian Date/Calendar Date Conversion more... Information Center World Time Zones U.S. Time Zones Phases of the Moon Universal Time and GMT Daylight Time The Dark Days of Winter more... Publications The Almanacs Astronomical Almanac Online USNO Special Publications Technical Reports more... Software MICA NOVAS more... Other Projects Project Summaries Technical Reports About AA Mission Organization History Contact more... News Sitemap Search AA Easter is an annual festival observed throughout the Christian world.The date for Easter shifts every year within the Gregorian Calendar.The Gregorian Calendar is the standard international calendar for civil use.In addition, it regulates the ceremonial cycle of the Roman Catholic andProtestant churches. The current Gregorian ecclesiastical rules that determinethe date of Easter trace back to 325 CE at the First Council of Nicaea convenedby the Roman Emperor Constantine. At that time the Roman world used theJulian Calendar (put in place by Julius Caesar).The Council decided to keep Easter on a Sunday, the same Sunday throughout theworld. To fix incontrovertibly the date for Easter, and to make it determinableindefinitely in advance, the Council constructed special tables to compute the date. These tables were revised in the following few centuries resultingeventually in the tables constructed by the 6th century Abbot of Scythia,Dionysis Exiguus. Nonetheless, different means of calculations continued in usethroughout the Christian world.In 1582 Gregory XIII (Pope of the Roman Catholic Church) completed areconstruction of the Julian calendar and produced new Easter tables. Onemajor difference between the Julian and Gregorian Calendar is the "leap yearrule". See our FAQ on Calendars for adescription of the difference. Universal adoption of this Gregorian calendaroccurred slowly. By the 1700's, though, most of western Europe had adopted theGregorian Calendar. The Eastern Christian churches still determine the Easter datesusing the older Julian Calendar method.The usual statement, that Easter Day is the first Sunday after the full moonthat occurs next after the vernal equinox, is not a precise statement of the actualecclesiastical rules. The full moon involved is not the astronomical Full Moonbut an ecclesiastical moon (determined from tables) that keeps, more or less,in step with the astronomical Moon.The ecclesiastical rules are:Easter falls on the first Sunday following the first ecclesiastical fullmoon that occurs on or after the day of the vernal equinox;this particular ecclesiastical full moon is the 14th day of atabular lunation (new moon); andthe vernal equinox is fixed as March 21.resulting in that Easter can never occur before March 22 or later than April 25.The Gregorian dates for the ecclesiastical full moon come from the Gregorian tables.Therefore, the civil date of Easter depends upon which tables - Gregorian or pre-Gregorian - are used. The western (Roman Catholic and Protestant) Christianchurches use the Gregorian tables; many eastern (Orthodox) Christian churches usethe older tables based on the Julian Calendar.In a congress held in 1923, the eastern churches adopted a modified GregorianCalendar and decided to set the date of Easter accordingto the astronomical Full Moon for the meridian of Jerusalem. However,a variety of practices remain among the eastern churches.There are three major differences between the ecclesiastical systemand the astronomical system.The times of the ecclesiastical full moons are not necessarily identicalto the times of astronomical Full Moons. The ecclesiastical tables did notaccount for the full complexity of the lunar motion. The vernal equinox has a precise astronomical definition determined bythe actual apparent motion of the Sun as seen from the Earth. It is the precise time at which the apparentecliptic longitude of the Sun is zero. (Yes, the Sun's ecliptic longitude,not its declination, is used for the astronomical definition.) This precise time shifts within the civilcalendar very slightly from year to year. In the ecclesiastical system thevernal equinox does not shift; it is fixed at March 21 regardless of the actualmotion of the Sun.The date of Easter is a specific calendar date. Easter starts when thatdate starts for your local time zone. The vernal equinox occurs at a specificdate and time all over the Earth at once.Inevitably, then, the date of Easter occasionally differs from a date that dependson the astronomical Full Moon and vernal equinox. In some cases this differencemay occur in some parts of the world and not in others because two datesseparated by the International Date Line are always simultaneously in progresson the Earth. For example, take the year 1962. In 1962, the astronomical Full Moon occurred on March 21, UT=7h 55m - about six hours after astronomical equinox.The ecclesiastical full moon (taken from the tables), however, occurred on March 20,before the fixed ecclesiastical equinox at March 21. In the astronomical case,the Full Moon followed its equinox; in the ecclesiastical case, it preceded itsequinox. Following the rules, Easter, therefore, was not until the Sunday thatfollowed the next ecclesiastical full moon (Wednesday, April 18) makingEaster Sunday, April 22. Similarly, in 1954 the first ecclesiastical full moon after March 21 fell onSaturday, April 17. Thus, Easter was Sunday, April 18. The astronomicalequinox also occurred on March 21. The next astronomical Full Moon occurred on April 18 at UT=5h. So in some places in the world Easter was on the same Sundayas the astronomical Full Moon.The following are dates of Easter from 1980 to 2024:1980 April 6 1995 April 16 2010 April 41981 April 19 1996 April 7 2011 April 241982 April 11 1997 March 30 2012 April 81983 April 3 1998 April 12 2013 March 311984 April 22 1999 April 4 2014 April 201985 April 7 2000 April 23 2015 April 51986 March 30 2001 April 15 2016 March 271987 April 19 2002 March 31 2017 April 161988 April 3 2003 April 20 2018 April 11989 March 26 2004 April 11 2019 April 211990 April 15 2005 March 27 2020 April 121991 March 31 2006 April 16 2021 April 41992 April 19 2007 April 8 2022 April 171993 April 11 2008 March 23 2023 April 91994 April 3 2009 April 12 2024 March 31For other years, there is a dateof Easter program in Data Services.Computing the Date of EasterThe rule is that Easter is the first Sunday after the first ecclesiastical full moon that occurs onor after March 21. The lunar cycles used by the ecclesiastical system are simple toprogram. The following algorithm will compute the date of Easter in the GregorianCalendar system.The algorithm uses the year, y, to give the month, m,and day, d, of Easter. The symbol * means multiply.Please note the following: This is an integer calculation. All variablesare integers and all remainders from division are dropped. For example, 7 divided by 3 is equal to 2 ininteger arithmetic. c = y / 100 n = y - 19 * ( y / 19 ) k = ( c - 17 ) / 25 i = c - c / 4 - ( c - k ) / 3 + 19 * n + 15 i = i - 30 * ( i / 30 ) i = i - ( i / 28 ) * ( 1 - ( i / 28 ) * ( 29 / ( i + 1 ) ) * ( ( 21 - n ) / 11 ) ) j = y + y / 4 + i + 2 - c + c / 4 j = j - 7 * ( j / 7 ) l = i - j m = 3 + ( l + 40 ) / 44 d = l + 28 - 31 * ( m / 4 ) For example, using the year 2010, y=2010, c=2010/100=20,n=2010 - 19 x (2010/19) = 2010 - 19 x (105) = 15,   [see note above regarding integer calculations]etc. resulting in Easter on April 4, 2010.The algorithm is due to J.-M. Oudin (1940) and is reprinted in theExplanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac,ed. P. K. Seidelmann (1992). See Chapter 12,"Calendars",by L. E. Doggett.   Data Services | Information Center | Publications | Software | Other Projects | About AA | News home site map help last modified: 16 November 2007 13:57 Valid HTML 4.01!
 

Gives

the

ecclesiastical

rules

for

setting

the

date

for

Easter

on

calendars,

differences

with

astronomical

methods,

and

the

current

algorythm

used

to

compute

the

date

every

year.

http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/easter.php

The Date of Easter 2008 July

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Gives the ecclesiastical rules for setting the date for Easter on calendars, differences with astronomical methods, and the current algorythm used to compute the date every year.

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