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THE NUREMBERG TRIALSTHE NUREMBERG WAR CRIMES TRIALSBen S. AustinIntroductionAfter World War I, the world powers met at Geneva to formalize a set ofinternational standards for the proper conduct of war. The major nationsof the world, including Germany, subscribed to the standards regarding Slavery (CONVENTION TO SUPPRESS THE SLAVE TRADEAND SLAVERY, 25 Sep 26) and forced labor(CONVENTION CONCERNING FORCED OR COMPULSORY LABOUR, 28 Jun 30). An earlierconvention at the Hague in 1899 (cf., especiallyChapter had attempted to establish international rules regarding thetreatment of prisoners of war. It is of singular importance to rememberthat Germany was a party to these agreements and a member of the League ofNations which sanctioned them. Together, these international agreementsserved as the legal basis upon which Nazi war criminals could be brought totrial for violations of International Law. However, one of the glaringweaknesses of the League of Nations was its lack of enforcement powers. Itremained for the new United Nations to provide the organizational authorityfor the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials. (cf. Marian Mushkat, "NurembergTrial," in Israel Gutman, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, New York:Macmillan, Vol. 4, 1990:1489-1494 During World War II, the Allied powers made it clear that upon theconclusion of the war the perpetrators would be tried for war crimes. Several official declarations were made between 1942 and the close of thewar. The most important of these was the London Agreement which was signedon August 8, 1945. At that conference the charter for the InternationalMilitary Tribunal was drawn up and signed by the United States, GreatBritain, France and the Soviet Union.The famous trials conducted at Nuremberg between Oct0ber 20, 1945 andOctober 1, 1946 were not the first or the last trials of Nazi warcriminals. The first trials were held in the Soviet Union in the city ofKrasnodar on the northeastern edge of the Black Sea from July 14 to July17, 1943. Thirteen Soviet citizens were tried for over 7,000 acts ofmurder committed by an auxiliary unit of Einsatzgruppen D under the commandof Kurt Christmann. Using gas vans, the unit exterminated all the patientsin the municipal hospital, a convalescent home and a children's hospital. Eight of the accused were hanged and three were sentenced to 20 yearsimprisonment.Following the trials at Nuremberg, numerous trials of war criminals wereheld in the British, French, American and Soviet sectors of Germany, onAustria, at Bergen-Belsen, Auschwitz (1947), in many other places where thecrimes took place, in France, Italy and in Israel. Most of the trialssubsequent to 1946 involved lower-ranking officials, camp guards,Einsatzgruppen officers, medical doctors, etc. Far more war criminals,however, were never brought to justice. References Used in These FilesConot, Robert E. Justice at Nuremberg. New York: Harper and Row, 1983.Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah. Hitler's Willing Executioners. New York: AlfredE. Knopf, 1996.Michman, Jozeph. "Artur Seyss-Inquart," in Israel Gutman, ed. Encyclopediaof the Holocaust, New York: Macmillan, Vol. 4, 1990:1346ff.Meltzer, Milton. Never To Forget: The Jews of the Holocaust. New York:HarperCollins, 1976.Mushkat, Marian. "Nuremberg Trial," in Israel Gutman, Encyclopedia of theHolocaust, New York: Macmillan, Vol. 4, 1990:1489-1494.Taylor, Telford. The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials. New York: Alfred E.Knopf, 1992. |
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