Transcendentalist Women - 2var ziRfw=0;function zIpSS(u){zpu(0,u,280,375,"ssWin")}function zIlb(l,t,f){var u=new Array([["1/XJ/W9","1/XJ/WP"],["1/XK/WB","1/XK/WQ"],["18/15m","1/XL/WR"]],[["18/15o","18/1Pp"]],[["1/XJ/WA","1/XJ/WP"],["1/XK/WC","1/XK/WQ"],["18/15m","1/XL/WR"],["18/15o","18/1Pp"]]);var p=l.parentNode.parentNode.parentNode.parentNode.id=="oC"?0:1;var clk;if(arguments.length==3){if(t==1){f=0}if(t==2&&!zIos(l.href)){f=3}clk=u[t][f][p]}else{var c=l.parentNode.parentNode.className;var t=c=="obE"?0:(c=="obS"?1:(c=="obO"?2:-1));var f=t==0?2:(t==1?0:(t==2&&zIos(l.href)?2:(t==2&&!zIos(l.href)?3:-1)));clk=u[t][f][p]}if(!clk)clk="18/15p";zT(l,clk)}function zIos(u){var r=(u.indexOf("&zu=")>0&&(u.substr(u.indexOf("&zu=")).indexOf("about.com")>0)||u.indexOf("http://")0)?false:true;return r}zOBT=" Ads"
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z930=zpreC(930,48);if(thin){z930=0};z160=zpreC(160,600);z336=zpreC(336,280);z728=zpreC(728,90);z155=zpreC(336,155);zItw=160;Search Women's Historyvar h2=document.getElementsByTagName("h2")[0];if(h2.getElementsByTagName("a")[0].firstChild.nodeValue.length>28)h2.className="long";HomeEducationWomen's Historyif(z930==0 && z728>0){adunit('','',uy,ch,gs,728,90,'1','lb',1)} Emailw(x2+zWl+'?p=1" zT="18/1[N" rel="nofollow">Print')Women's HistoryBiographiesIssues & EventsWomen's Rights if(z930>0){adunit('','',uy,ch,gs,930,48,'1','s',1)}Filed In:Women's History Transcendentalist Women Part 2  An article by your Women's History Guide, Jone Johnson Lewis In the last article, Ihighlighted two women whose connections to Transcendentalism were important: MargaretFuller, editor of the Dial journal, literary critic, essayist, foreigncorrespondent, and historian; and Mary Moody Emerson, aunt of Ralph Waldo Emerson.In this article, I highlight more women of Transcendentalism: Harriet Martineau, the Peabody sisters, and Julia Ward Howe. Harriet Martineau*  Harriet MartineauHarriet Martineau and her brother, James, were not strictly speakingTranscendentalists, as this was an American movement and they were English. But both wereinvolved in the thought that brought forth the Transcendentalist flowering, and remainedpart of the circle of ideas as the movement developed. Among other accomplishments,Martineau introduced Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller.Some links: Harriet Martineau Part of a website created by British teachers, this profile is hyperlinked to many related subjects for easier understanding and study. Unsparing Witness Article by Jack Beatty focuses on one aspect of Martineau's Society in America: her observations on the impact of sexual relationships between slaveholders and slaves. U.S. Political Thought, Lecture 8 Part of this lecture summarizes Martineau's observations in Society in America. The Woman Who Thought Like a Man An essay on Harriet Martineau and her thought. Society in America Selections from Martineau's observations from her 1837 trip to the United States.Peabody SistersElizabeth Palmer Peabody (1804-1894), Mary Tyler Peabody Mann (1806-1887), and SophiaAmelia Peabody Hawthorne (1809-1871) were the eldest of seven children. Their fatherNathaniel Peabody once taught at Phillips Andover Academy but during their childhood was adentist in Salem, Massachusetts. Their mother ran a school with an emphasis onbringing out the unique excellence in every student, girls included. Through theirmother's influence primarily, each of these sisters read widely and had a broad range ofinterests.Elizabeth became a teacher in her mother's school, then briefly and unsuccessfullyopened her own. Continuing her own learning, she studied Greek with young RalphWaldo Emerson as her private tutor in 1822.In 1823 she went to Maine to teach for two years; when she left, Mary took her place. A year later, when both Mary and Elizabeth had returned to Boston, they opened aschool together for young children in Brookline. In these years, Sophia, still athome, began to learn to paint and draw.William Ellery Channing enrolled his daughter Mary in the Peabody sisters' school in1826. Through this connection, Elizabeth began a long and rewarding friendship withChanning, who started meeting with her, first to discuss educational ideas, then laterhelped her study further in philosophy, religion, education and literature. From1826, she began copying and preparing Channing's sermons for printing, a practice shecontinued until 1842, for a total of about fifty of Channing's best. He alsodiscussed many of his sermons with her as he was preparing them, depending on herresponses to help him make revisions.(Near the end of Channing's career, as he was rethinking his views on how to endslavery, he relied upon his conversations with Elizabeth to help him develop histhoughts.)In 1834, Bronson Alcott opened his experimental school, and employed both Elizabeth andMargaret Fuller as teachers. Elizabeth's writing about the school added to Alcott'sfame. Sophia's paintings and illustrations had begun to attract notice for theirprofessionalism; her illustration of Bronson Alcott teaching served as frontispiece of abook he published about his school and it's philosophy. When Alcott became embroiledin controversy for writing in his book about pregnancy in a way too open for many of hispeers, Elizabeth found her connection helped lead to a period of unemployment anddifficult financial struggles.Elizabeth and Mary, living together at a boarding-house during this period, had struckup a friendship with Horace Mann. Sophia, meanwhile, began a friendship with aneighbor, Nathaniel Hawthorne, whose work Elizabeth had noticed and helped promote. Sophia, often ill and isolated in her room, became more interested in socializing as aresult of Nathaniel's visits, it is said, and by 1838, Sophia and Nathaniel secretlyagreed to be married. Her illustrations began to appear in some of his writings.In 1839, Elizabeth, together with her former tutor and now friend, Ralph Waldo Emerson,discovered the poet Jones Very, and Peabody published his Poems and Essays. In 1840, Elizabeth, having moved to a home in Boston, opened a bookstore in thefront parlor, selling and loaning books. This bookstore, until its closing in 1850,became a center for the Transcendentalists. Margaret Fuller's"Conversations" were held there. Plans for Brook Farm were drawn up anddiscussed.Elizabeth began to publish essays and other materials. She thus became the firstwoman publisher in Boston, and, probably, the first in the United States. Shepublished Channing and Hawthorne. Her single issue of a Transcendentalistperiodical, Aesthetic Papers, included the first publication of Henry DavidThoreau's Civil Disobedience.Sophia and Nathaniel married in 1842, struggling financially until The ScarletLetter's popularity after its publication in 1850.When Sophia became very ill, Marywent with her to Cuba, where Mary worked as a governess while Sophia recuperated. Sophia and Mary returned to Boston, where Mary began teaching again, and also beganworking with Horace Mann as a secretary, aiding him in his work in educational reform. They grew closer, and were married in 1843. Mary and Horace honeymooned inEurope with Samuel Gridley Howe and his new bride, Julia Ward Howe.Horace left his educational work for the US Congress, working to oppose slavery and theCompromise of 1850. In 1853, Horace was called to the Presidency of the new AntiochCollege in Ohio, a coeducational and nonsectarian college. Mary took on the activejob of President's wife. She published, during her Antioch years, a combinationcookbook and advice book, Christianity in the Kitchen: A Physiological Cookbooks. She actively supported Horace's work with her own efforts in the Antiochacademic community, until Mann's death in 1859. In the next decade, she publishedthe three volume Life and Works of Horace Mann.The Hawthorne's, meanwhile, went to Europe for seven years, in part for Sophia'shealth. Hawthorne wrote The Marble Faun there, and Sophia made significantcontributions to its writing. She was becoming more interested in writing, butNathaniel disapproved of her passionate style. When Atlantic Monthly asked herfor some contributions to publish, he blocked her from following up.Mary returned from Ohio to Massachusetts with her family in 1859, to find thatElizabeth had taken up a new interest. Earlier that year, Elizabeth had learned ofthe German kindergarten movement, which fit in perfectly with her ideas for education ofthe very young. In 1860, Elizabeth, joined by Mary, began the first formallyorganized kindergarten in the United States. They worked together both on thatschool and on promoting the idea, and published a journal on kindergartens, a work whichwas to be Elizabeth's main focus for most of the rest of her career and life.When Nathaniel Hawthorne died in 1864, Sophia began editing and publishing hisNotebooks. She submitted selections to the Atlantic and published threevolumes of his notes, in 1868-1870. Unhappy family situations motivated her to moveto Germany and then London with her adult children; Sophia died in London in 1870.Elizabeth and Mary continued their work with the kindergarten movement. They alsobecame involved, in the late 1880s and early 1890s, in promoting the speaking career ofPiute Indian Sarah Winnemucca, who, even though she had converted to Christianity,promoted the idea that Indian traditions were valuable too. Mary helped prepareWinnemucca's writings for publication.Mary found time to publish a novel (Juanita: A Romance of Real Life in Cuba FiftyYears Ago). Elizabeth taught on the faculty of Bronson Alcott's Concord Schoolof Philosophy in the 1880s. Mary died in 1888 in Boston, and Elizabeth died in 1894in Boston. Two years later, friends started a settlement house in Boston, the ElizabethPeabody House, in her memory.Sophia and Nathaniel Hawthorne's daughter Rose became a poet and, as Mother MaryAlphonsa Lathrop, a lay Dominican dedicated to working with incurable cancer patients.Some links: Famous Peabodys of the Past A page of genealogies of Peabodys, including brief notes on the lives and writings of these three Peabody sisters (and other Peabodys, of course). Jones Very: Biography Brief biography of this friend of Elizabeth Peabody, crediting her with the fame of his work and his introduction to Emerson. Jones Very: On Visiting the Graves... Friend of Elizabeth Peabody, Jones Very was one of the less-known Transcendentalist writers. Sophia Peabody Hawthorne Web Pages Apparently not updated since 1996, this page highlights Sophia's own contributions as an illustrator. Site includes a biography, bibliography and two letters. Julia Ward Howe*  Julia Ward HoweHowe's involvement in Transcendentalism was more tangential, less central, than that ofthe other women highlighted. But she was influenced by the religious and literarytrends of Transcendentalism, involved in the social reforms which were part of theTranscendentalist circle. She was a close friend of Transcendentalists, both male andfemale. She was an active participant, particularly in carrying Transcendentalistideas and commitments through the American Civil War and into the next decades. More on Julia Ward HoweMore on Transcendentalist womenPuzzled by what Transcendentalism is?*graphics on this page © 1999-2000 www.arttoday.comused with permissionAuthor: JoneJohnson Lewis.Title: "Transcendentalist Women Part 2"This URL: http://womenshistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa032299.htmLatest revision: 4/6/2001Text copyright 1999-2001 © Jone Johnson Lewis. All rightsreserved. 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