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All About Lent
All About Lent
by James Akin
Q: What is Lent?
A:Historically, Lent is the forty day period before Easter,
excluding Sundays, it began on Ash Wednesday and ended on Holy Saturday
(the day before Easter Sunday). In recent years, this has been modified
so that it now ends with evening Mass on Holy Thursday, to prepare the
way for Triduum.
Q: Why are Sundays excluded from the reckoning of the forty days?
A: Because Sunday is the day on which Christ arose, making it
an inappropriate day to fast and mourn our sins. On Sunday we must celebrate
Christ's resurrection for our salvation. It is Friday on which we commemorate
his death for our sins. The Sundays of the year are days of celebration
and the Fridays of the year are days of penance.
Q: Why are the forty days called Lent?
A: They are called Lent because that is the Old English word
for spring, the season of the year during which they fall. This is something
unique to English. In almost all other languages its name is a derivative
of the Latin term Quadragesima, or "the forty days."
Q: Why is Lent forty days long?
A: Because forty days is a traditional number of discipline,
devotion, and preparation in the Bible. Thus Moses stayed on the Mountain
of God forty days (Exodus 24:18 and 34:28), the spies were in the land
for forty days (Numbers 13:25), Elijah traveled forty days before he reached
the cave where he had his vision (1 Kings 19:8), Nineveh was given forty
days to repent (Jonah 3:4), and most importantly, prior to undertaking
his ministry, Jesus spent forty days in wilderness praying and fasting
(Matthew 4:2).
Since Lent if a period of prayer and fasting, it is fitting for Christians
to imitate their Lord with a forty day period. Christ used a forty day
period of prayer and fasting to prepare for his ministry, which culminated
in his death and resurrection, and thus it is fitting for Christians to
imitate him with a forty day period of prayer and fasting to prepare for
the celebration of his ministry's climax, Good Friday (the day of the crucifixion)
and Easter Sunday (the day of the resurrection).
Thus the Catechism of the Catholic Church states:
"'For we have not a high priest who is unable to sympathize with
our weaknesses, but one who in every respect has been tested as we are,
yet without sinning' [Heb 4:15]. By the solemn forty days of Lent the Church
unites herself each year to the mystery of Jesus in the desert." (CCC
540).
Q: When does Lent begin?
A: Lent begins on Ash Wednesday, which is the day on which they
faithful have their foreheads signed with ashes in the form of a Cross
(see piece on Ash Wednesday). It is also a day of fast and abstinence.
Q: What is a day of fast and abstinence?
A: Under current canon law in the Western Rite of the Church,
a day of fast is one on which Catholics who are eighteen to sixty years
old are required to keep a limited fast. In this country, one may eat a
single, normal meal and have two snacks, so long as these snacks do not
add up to a second meal. Children are not required to fast, but their parents
must ensure they are properly educated in the spiritual practice of fasting.
Those with medical conditions requiring a greater or more regular food
intake can easily be dispensed from the requirement of fasting by their
pastor.
A day of abstinence is a day on which Catholics fourteen years or older
are required to abstain from eating meat (under the current discipline
in America, fish, eggs, milk products, and condiments or foods made using
animal fat are permitted in the Western Rite of the Church, though not
in the Eastern Rites.) Again, persons with special dietary needs can easily
be dispensed by their pastor.
Q: Is there a biblical basis for abstaining from meat as a sign of
repentance?
A: Yes. The book of Daniel states:
"In the third year of Cyrus king of Persia . . . 'I, Daniel, mourned
for three weeks. I ate no choice food; no meat or wine touched my lips;
and I used no lotions at all until the three weeks were over.'" (Daniel
10:1-3)
Q: Isn't abstaining from meat one of the "doctrines of demons"
Paul warned about in 1 Timothy 4:1-5?
A: Short answer: Not unless Daniel was practicing a doctrine
of demons.
Long answer: When Paul warned of those who "forbid people to marry
and order them to abstain from certain foods" he has in mind people
with the Manichean belief that sex is wrong and certain foods, like meat,
are intrinsically immoral. (Thus the spiritual ideal for many modern New
Agers is a celibate vegetarian, as in the Eastern religions.)
We know that Paul has in mind those who teach sex and certain foods
are intrinsically immoral because he tells us that these are "foods
which God created to be received with thanksgiving by those who believe
and who know the truth. For everything God created is good, and nothing
is to be rejected if it is received with thanksgiving, because it is consecrated
by the word of God and prayer" (1 Tim. 4:3b-5).
Sex and all kinds of food are good things (which is why the
Catholic Church has marriage for a sacrament and heartily recommends the
practice eating to its members), and this is precisely why it is fitting
for them to be given up as part of a spiritual discipline. Thus Daniel
gave up meat (as well as wine, another symbol of rejoicing) and Paul endorses
the practice of temporary celibacy to engage in a special spiritual discipline
of increased prayer (1 Corinthians 7:5). By giving up good things and denying
them to ourselves we encourage an attitude of humility, free ourselves
from dependence on them, cultivate the spiritual discipline of being willing
to make personal sacrifices, and remind ourselves of the importance of
spiritual goods over earthly goods.
In fact, if there was an important enough purpose, Paul recommended
permanently giving up marriage and meat. Thus he himself was celibate (1
Corinthians 7:8), he recommended the same for ministers (2 Timothy 2:3-4),
and he recommended it for the unmarried so they can devote themselves more
fully to the Lord (1 Corinthians 7:32-34) unless doing so would subject
them to great temptations (1 Cointhians 7:9). Similarly, he recommended
giving up meat permanently if it would prevent others from sinning (1 Corinthians
8:13).
Thus Paul certainly had nothing against celibacy or giving up meat
-- even on a permanent basis -- so long as one wasn't saying that these
things are intrinsically evil, which is what he was condemning the "doctrines
of demons" passage.
Since the Catholic Church only requires abstinence from meat on a temporary
basis, it clearly does not regard meat is immoral. Instead, it regards
it as the giving up of a good thing (which in less economically developed
regions -- including the whole world until very recently -- was expensive
and thus eaten at festive occasions, making it a sign of rejoicing) to
attain a spiritual goal.
Q: On what basis does the Church have the authority to establish
days of fast and abstinence?
A: On the authority of Jesus Christ.
Jesus told the leaders of his Church, "Whatever you bind on earth
will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed
in heaven" (Matthew 16:19, 18:18). The language of binding and loosing
(in part) was a rabinnic way of referring to the ability to establish binding
halakah or rules of conduct for the faith community. It is thus
especially appropriate that the references to binding and loosing occur
in Matthew, the "Jewish Gospel." Thus the Jewish Encyclopedia
states:
"BINDING AND LOOSING (Hebrew, asar ve-hittir) . . . Rabinnical
term for 'forbidding and permitting.' . . .
"The power of binding and loosing as always claimed by the Pharisees.
Under Queen Alexandra the Pharisees, says Josephus (Wars of the Jews
1:5:2), 'became the administrators of all public affairs so as to be
empowered to banish and readmit whom they pleased, as well as to loose
and to bind.' . . . The various schools had the power 'to bind and to loose';
that is, to forbid and to permit (Talmud: Chagigah 3b); and they
could also bind any day by declaring it a fast-day ( . . . Talmud: Ta'anit
12a . . . ). This power and authority, vested in the rabbinical body of
each age of the Sanhedrin, received its ratification and final sanction
from the celestial court of justice (Sifra, Emor, 9; Talmud:
Makkot 23b).
"In this sense Jesus, when appointing his disciples to be his successors,
used the familiar formula (Matt. 16:19, 18:18). By these words he virtually
invested them with the same authority as that which he found belonging
to the scribes and Pharisees who 'bind heavy burdens and lay them on men's
shoulders, but will not move them with one of their fingers'; that is 'loose
them,' as they have the power to do (Matt. 23:2-4). In the same sense the
second epistle of Clement to James II ('Clementine Homilies,' Introduction
[A.D. 221]), Peter is represented as having appointed Clement as his successor,
saying: 'I communicate to him the power of binding and loosing so that,
with respect to everything which he shall ordain in the earth, it shall
be decreed in the heavens; for he shall bind what ought to be bound and
loose what ought to be loosed as knowing the rule of the Church.'"
(Jewish Encyclopedia 3:215).
Thus Jesus invested the leaders of this Church with the power of making
halakah for the Christian community. This includes the setting of
fast days (like Ash Wednesday).
To approach the issue from another angle, every family has the authority
to establish particular family devotions for its members. Thus if the parents
decide that the family will engage in a particular devotion at a particular
time (say, Bible reading after supper), it is a sin for the children to
disobey and skip the devotion for no good reason. In the same way, the
Church as the family of God has the authority to establish its own family
devotion, and it is a sin for the members of the Church to disobey and
skip the devotions for no good reason (though of course if the person has
a good reason, the Church dispenses him immediately).
Q: In addition to Ash Wednesday, are any other days during Lent days
of fast or abstinence?
A: Yes. All Fridays during Lent are days of abstinence. Also,
Good Friday, the day on which Christ was crucified, is another day of both
fast and abstinence.
All days in Lent are appropriate for fasting or abstaining, but canon
law does not require fasting on those days. Such fasting or abstinence
is voluntary, like a freewill offering.
Q: Why are Fridays during Lent days of abstinence.
A: This is because Jesus died for our sins on Friday, making
it an especially appropriate day of mourning our sins (just as Sunday,
the day on which he rose for our salvation is an especially appropriate
day to rejoice) by denying ourselves something we enjoy. During the rest
of the year Catholics in this country are permitted to use a different
act of penance on Friday in place of abstinence, though all Fridays are
days of penance on which we are required to do something expressing sorrow
for our sins, just as Sundays are holy days on which we are required to
worship and celebrate God's great gift of salvation.
Q: Are acts of repentance appropriate on other days during Lent?
A: Yes. Thus the Code of Canon Law states:
"All Fridays through the year and he time of Lent are penitential
days and time throughout the universal Church" (CIC 1250).
Q: Why are acts of repentance appropriate at this time of year?
A: Because it is the time leading up to the commemoration of
Our Lord's death for our sins and the commemoration of his resurrection
for our salvation. It is thus especially appropriate to mourn the sins
for which he died. Human have an innate psychological need to mourn tragedies,
and our sins are tragedies of the greatest sort. Due to our fallen nature
humans also have a need to have set times in which to engage in behavior
(which is why we have Sundays as a set time to rest and worship, since
we would otherwise be likely to forget to devote sufficient time to rest
and worship), it is appropriate to have set times of repentance. Lent is
one of those set times.
Q: What are appropriate activities for ordinary days during Lent?
A: Giving up something we enjoy for Lent, doing of physical or
spiritual acts of mercy for others, prayer, fasting, abstinence, going
to confession, and other acts expressing repentance in general.
Q: Is the custom of giving up something for Lent mandatory?
A: No. However, it is a salutary custom, and parents or caretakers
may choose to require it of their children to encourage their spiritual
training, which is their prime responsibility in the raising of their children.
Q: Since Sundays are not counted in the forty days of Lent, does
the custom of giving up something apply to them?
A: Customarily, no. However, since the giving up of something
is voluntary to begin with, there is no official rule concerning this aspect
of it. Nevertheless, since Sundays are days of celebration, it is appropriate
to suspend the Lenten self-denial on them that, in a spiritual and non-excessive
way, we may celebrate the day of Our Lord's resurrection so that that day
and that event may be contrasted with the rest of the days of Lent and
the rest of the events of history. This heightened contrast deepens the
spiritual lessons taught by the rest of Lent.
Q: Why is giving up something for Lent such a salutary custom?
A: By denying ourselves something we enjoy, we discipline our
wills so that we are not slaves to our pleasures. Just as indulging the
pleasure of eating leads to physical flabbiness and, if this is great enough,
an inability to perform in physically demanding situations, indulging in
pleasure in general leads to spiritual flabbiness and, if this is great
enough, an inability to perform in spiritual demanding situations, we when
the demands of morality require us to sacrifice something pleasurable (such
as sex before marriage or not within the confines of marriage) or endure
hardship (such as being scorned or persecuted for the faith). By disciplining
the will to refuse pleasures when they are not sinful, a habit is developed
which allows the will to refuse pleasures when they are sinful. There are
few better ways to keep one's priorities straight than by periodically
denying ourselves things of lesser priority to show us that they are not
necessary and focus our attention on what is necessary.
Q: Is the denying of pleasure an end in itself?
A: No. It is a only a means to an end. By training ourselves
to resist temptations when they are not sinful, we train ourselves to reject
temptations when they are sinful. We also express our sorrow over having
failed to resist sinful temptations in the past.
Q: Is there such a thing as denying ourselves too many pleasures?
A: Most definitely. First, God made human life contingent on
certain goods, such as food, and to refuse to enjoy enough of them has
harmful consequences. For example, if we do not eat enough food it can
cause physical damage or (in the extreme, even death). Just as there is
a balance between eating too much food and not eating enough food, there
is a balance involved in other goods.
Second, if we do not strike the right balance and deny ourselves goods
God meant us to have then it can generate resentment toward God, which
is a spiritual sin just as much as those of engaging in excesses of good
things. Thus one can be led into sin either by excess or by defect in the
enjoyment of good things.
Third, it can decrease our effectiveness in ministering to others.
Fourth, it can deprive us of the goods God gave us in order that we
might praise him.
Fifth, it constitutes the sin of ingratitude by refusing to enjoy the
things God wanted us to have because he loves us. If a child refused every
gift his parent gave him, it would displease the parent, and if we refuse
gifts God has given us, it displeases God because he loves us and wants
us to have them.
Q: Is that balance the same for all people?
A: No. For example, with the good of food, people who are by
nature physically larger need more food than people who are physically
smaller. Similarly, people who have higher metabolisms or who do manual
labor for a living need more food than people with slower metabolisms or
who have less active lifestyles. The same is true with regard to other
goods than food. The St. Paul speaks of this in regard to the good of married
life:
"I wish that all were as I myself am. But each has his own special
gift from God, one of one kind and one of another. To the unmarried and
the widows I say that it is well for them to remain single as I do. But
if they cannot exercise self-control, they should marry. For it is better
to marry than to be aflame with passion" (1 Corinthians 7:7-9).
Thus some are given the gift of being able to live without the good
of married life in order that they may pursue greater devotion to God (1
Cor. 7:32-34) or to pursue greater ministry for others (2 Timothy 2:3-4),
as with priests, monks, and nuns. God gives these people special graces
to live the life which they have embraced, just as he gives special graces
to the married to live the life they have embraced.
Q: Aside from Ash Wednesday, which begins Lent, what are its principal
events?
A: There are a variety of saints' days which fall during Lent,
and some of these change from year to year since the dates of Lent itself
change based on when Easter falls. However, the Sundays during the Lenten
season commemorate special events in the life of Our Lord, such as his
Transfiguration and his Triumphal Entrance into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday,
which begins Holy Week. Holy week climaxes with Holy Thursday, on which
Christ celebrated the first Mass, Good Friday, on which he was Crucified,
and Holy Saturday -- the last day of Lent -- during which Our Lord lay
in the Tomb before his Resurrection on Easter Sunday, the first day after
Lent.
Copyright (c) 1996 by James Akin. All Rights Reserved.
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