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Notes on the Orthodox Ecclesiastical Calendar Notes on the Orthodox Easter |Notes on Feasts with fixed dates in the Orthodox CalendarThe Orthodox Ecclesiastical CalendarLast updated 2000 April 7 byM.J. Montes.Notes on the OrthodoxEasterHistoryBetween AD326 and AD1582, Christianity determined Easter using analgorithm approved by a Church Council in AD325, with the equinoxdefined as March 21. From AD1054 (when the Orthodox and Catholic Churches split)through AD1582 both the Catholic and Orthodox Churches celebratedEaster on the same date, still using the algorithm from AD325. TheJulian Calendar was used by the European (and Christan) communitiesuntil the Gregorian reform of 1582.Since AD1582 October (when the Gregorian Calendar was adopted by muchof Catholic Europe), the Orthodox Easter usually falls on datesdifferent than the Western Christian Easter, although apparently theChurches are discussing using the same formula to determine Easter -probably a formula different than that currently used by eitherChurch.The Orthodox Easter is determined in the Julian Calendar. It has beenclaimed that Orthodox Easter does not fall on the date of Passover (15Nisan in the Hebrew Calendar), or before it; this is true recently, butusing the modern formulae for determining the date of Passover (ruleswhich go back to the fourth century A.D.), one finds that, in fact,Easter occurred on the first day of Passover several times before theyear A.D. 1000. From 1900 until 2099 the Eastern Easter will fall one(45.5%), four (4.5%), or five (21.5%) weeks after the Western Easter- and on the same date in 57 (28.5%) of those years. (I've compiled some Tables showing the offsets between Orthodoxand Western Easters from 1583 through 3000 that shows this information.)Calendar Reform in the Orthodox ChurchIn the 1923 May there was a well documented meeting that provided forCalendarReform in of the Orthodox Church. Among other measures, theOrthodox Calendar would have been adjusted to match the Gregoriancalendar date; the proposed leap year rule was different than the rule in theGregorian Calendar, however the calendars would not disagree untilAD2800; more often than not, Easter would be celebrated on the samedate in both the Eastern and the Western Churches. Except for sporadicuse in the 1920's, the calendar reform was not adopted. A wonderfulresource examining the calendar reform and its lack of acceptance maybe found in the excellent article Counter-reformation in Russian Orthodoxy: Popular Response to ReligiousInnovation, 1922-1925 by Gregory L. Freeze that appeared in the Summer 1995issue of Slavic Review. Freeze mentions that soon afterthe adoption by the second (renovationist) council in 1923 May, therenovationists had a full-scale parish revolt on their hands - thecommon Orthodox parishioners (in the Soviet Union) did not accept thechanges of this council, and indeed, had many other arguements with therenovationists. Other articles concerning Orthodox Calendar Reformthat may be found online are: 1) On the Question of the"Revised Julian Calendar" by Father George Lardas; 2) The "Revised"Julian Calendar which offers some explanation of the "NewCalendarist views"; and 3) On the Calendar byFather Alexander Lebedeff, which argues for the "Old Calendarist"views.AlgorithmsAlex Kochergin has sent the followinginformation about the Eastern Easter: It has a cycle that (in theJulian Calendar) repeats itself every 532 (19x28) years (since theJulian Solar calendar repeats every 28 years and the Metonic Lunarcycle is 19 years). Eastern Easter tends to occur only after Passover,but only since about A.D 1000. The Gregorian Easter (on the other hand)does not track Passover. For example: in 1997, Passover is 22 April;Western Easter is three weeks EARLIER (30 March) and the Eastern Easteris the Sunday following Passover (27 April). While there are obviouslydifferent algorithms used, it is also the case the Julian, Gregorian,and Jewish calendars are slipping relative to each other. The JulianCalendar (and the feasts tied to it) are occuring later in the year(compared to the Gregorian calendar). The Jewish calendar is alsomoving to later dates in the Gregorian calendar, but at asignificantly slower rate than the Julian calendar.The Date of Orthodox Easter: A variation of Gauss' algorithmAlex also provided the following algorithm that is based on the algorithmderived by the German mathematician Gauss, the principal simplification isthat substitutions have been made for the case of Julian calendars andOrthodox Easters. This algorithm calculates thenumber of days AFTER March 21 (Julian) that Easter occurs (Note: It is amuch simpler calculation than the Western Easter).RMD(x,y) = remainder when x is divided by y. R1=RMD(Year,19)R2=RMD(Year,4)R3=RMD(Year,7)RA=19*R1+16R4=RMD(RA,30)RB=2*R2+4*R3+6*R4R5=RMD(RB,7)RC=R4+R5The number RC ranges from 1 to 35 which corresponds to March 22 to April 25in the Julian Calendar (currently April 4 to May 8 on the Gregorian). The Julian Calendar is now 13 days behind the Gregorian, and will be until March 1, 2100 when it will be 14 days behind the Gregorian Calendar.The Date of Orthodox Easter: An algorithm based on Oudin's AlgorithmAnother simple algorithm is listed in the CalendarFAQ by Claus Tondering . It is based onOudin's algorithm, and is also simple and elegant.Copyright and disclaimer------------------------ This document is Copyright (C) 1996 by Claus Tondering. E-mail: c-t@pip.dknet.dk. The document may be freely distributed, provided this copyright notice is included and no money is charged for the document. This document is provided "as is". No warranties are made as to its correctness.2.9.6. Isn't there a simpler way to calculate [Orthodox] Easter?-----------------------------------------------------This is an attempt to boil down the information given in the previoussections (the divisions are integer divisions, in which remainders arediscarded): [Note: 22%7=1 ; 22/7=3, so % returns the remainder, and / neglects theremainder.] G = year % 19I = (19*G + 15) % 30J = (year + year/4 + I) % 7L = I - JEasterMonth = 3 + (L + 40)/44EasterDay = L + 28 - 31*(EasterMonth/4)[Note: Orthodox Easter is then EasterDay of EasterMonth in the Julian Calendar. You will need to add the correct offset to obtain the date in the Gregorian Calendar. From Julian Mar 1, 1900, to Julian Feb 29, 2100, the correction is to add 13 days to the Julian date to obtain the Gregorian date.]This algorithm is based in part on the algorithm of Oudin (1940) andquoted in "Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac",P. Kenneth Seidelmann, editor.People who want to dig into the workings of this algorithm, may beinterested to know that G is the Golden Number-1 I is the number of days from 21 March to the Paschal full moon J is the weekday for the Paschal full moon (0=Sunday, 1=Monday, etc.) L is the number of days from 21 March to the Sunday on or before the Pascal full moon (a number between -6 and 28)Using these algorithms, I have made tables for the date of Orthodox Easter,tabulated in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars for AD 1875-2124.Carter's algorithm,Butcher's algorithm, andOudin's algorithm are algorithms for the Western Churches.Movable Feasts Associated with EasterThe Ecclesiastical Calendar uses the algorithm above to determinethe date of Easter. In addition, the following feasts related to Easterare provided by the Ecclesiastical Calendar. Days before Easter Days after EasterTriodon 70 Ascension 39Sat. of Souls 57 Sat. of Souls 48Meat Fare 56 Pentecost 492nd Sat. of Souls 50 All Saints 56Lent Begins 48St. Theodore 43Sun. of Orthodoxy 42Sat. of Lazarus 8Palm Sunday 7Good Friday 2Calculate an Ecclesiastical Calendar.Notes on Feasts with Fixed Datesin the Orthodox CalendarThe date of Fixed celebrations in the Orthodox calendar is made more difficult by the fact that there are currently differing schools of thoughton whether to use the Gregorian or the Julian calendar to determine the date of the Feasts that occur on fixed dates. The two schools of thought arethe "OldCalendarists" and the "NewCalendarists".The Old Calendarists use the Julian Calendar to determine the date of ALL religious feasts. This means that Christmas and Epiphany(for example) are25 Dec. and 6 Jan. JULIAN, repectively. This (currently!) translates to 7 Jan. and 19 Jan. Gregorian, respectively.The New Calendarists use the Julian Calendar to determine the dateof Easter (and celebrations related to Easter) while using the Gregorian calendar to determine the date of fixed celebrations. ThusNew Calendarists celebrate Christmas and Epiphany on the same date as theWestern Christians, Dec. 25 and 6 Jan. GREGORIAN (respectively). Currently, the New Calendarists are celebrating the fixed feasts 13 days prior to thecelebrations of the Old Calendarists.AcknowledgementsSpecial thanks to Alex Kochergin, John Cross, and Damien Wyart foruseful discussions concerning the content of this page, and to ClausTondering for maintaining and providing the Calendar FAQ. Please alsoconsult the Resources and Acknowledgementssection of the Ecclesiastical Calendar page.Back to the Ecclesiastical calendar.Disclaimer: The views and writings presented here are my own,and are NOT the responsibility of Smart Net.Last updated 2000 April 7.Copyright © 1996-2000 by Marcos J. Montes.Marcos Montesmmontes@no.spam.smart.net |
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