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Title: Religion and Spirituality/Buddhism/Lineages/Shingon - Shingon Buddhism Japanese history - Shingon, a major Japanese school of esoteric Buddhism.
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Shingon
Shingon (Japanese, "True Word") Buddhism
Major Japanese school of esoteric Buddhism, and the most
important esoteric school outside India and Tibet. Shingon arose
in Japan's Heian period (794-1185) when the great monk Kukai went to China from 804 to 806 to
study esoteric Buddhism. He developed his own synthesis of
esoteric practice and doctrine, centred on the cosmic Buddha
Vairocana.
Kukai expounded and systematized Shingon doctrine in some 50
treatises, most notably the Sokushin-jobutsugi (The Doctrine of
Becoming a Buddha with One's Body During One's Earthly
Existence). Subsequent Shingon thought seldom went beyond this
initial canon. The sacred sutras of Shingon had supposedly been
dictated directly by Vairocana and stored in an iron stupa until
800 years after the Buddha's death. The historical Buddha and his
teachings were held to be merely one manifestation of Vairocana.
Kukai combined, for the first time, the cosmic Buddha
Vairocana with the abstract entity of Dharmakaya, or Ultimate
Reality, thus producing a composite figure embodying all being.
This version of Vairocana was held to be within all things, and
the goal of Shingon was the realization that one's nature was
identical with Vairocana, achieved through contemplation and
ritual practices. This realization depended on receiving the
secret doctrine of Shingon, transmitted orally to initiates by
the sect's masters. Body, speech, and mind all participated in
the process: the body through devotional gestures (mudras) and
the use of ritual instruments, speech through sacred formulae
(mantras), and mind through meditation. Two sacred mandalas
presenting diagramatically the two aspects of Vairocana, the
Diamond World (kongo-kai) and Womb World (taizo-kai), were placed
on Shingon altars as foci for meditation.
After Kukai returned to Japan, he became abbot of a Kyoto
temple in 809, and began to promulgate his new creed. In 819 he
founded a monastery on Mount Koya, south of Kyoto, which became a
great Shingon centre. His personal prestige as an artist and
intellectual helped the spread of the sect, especially among the
cultivated Heian aristocracy. The beautiful mandalas, magnificent
statuary, and elaborate ceremonial in Shingon temples made
worship an enjoyable as well as edifying spectacle. Furthermore,
simplified versions of Shingon mantras and mudras became folk
charms for seeking fortune and averting evil.
Shingon became one of the principal Buddhist sects of the
Heian period, supplanting earlier sects and enjoying more popular
support than its great rival, Tendai Buddhism. It reached an
accommodation with Shinto, the native Japanese religion, by
promoting the system of Ryobu Shinto ("Dual Aspect
Shinto"), whereby Vairocana was held to be identical with
the Shinto sun goddess Amaterasu. Shingon lost some of its
popularity at the end of the Heian era as it grew rich and
worldly, and evangelistic movements such as Pure Land Buddhism
supplanted it in public affection, but it remains one of Japan's
most important sects, at present numbering some 12 million
adherents.
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Japanese | history | - | Shingon, | a | major | Japanese | school | of | esoteric | Buddhism. |
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