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Xerxes I of Persia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ Xerxes I of Persia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Xerxes I) Jump to: navigation, search Xerxes IGreat King (Shah) of Persia, Pharaoh of Egypt Artistic depiction of XerxesReign485 to 465 BCCoronationOctober 485 BCBorn519 BCBirthplacePersiaDied465 BCPlace of deathPersia (Assassination by stabbing)BuriedPersiaPredecessorDarius ISuccessorArtaxerxes IConsortAmestrisRoyal HouseAchaemenid dynastyFatherDarius I of Persia (the Great)MotherAtossaXerxes I of Persia was a King of Persia (reigned 485–465 BC) of the Achaemenid dynasty. Xérxēs (Ξέρξης) is the Greek form of the Old Persian throne name Xšayāršā,[1] meaning "Ruler of heroes".[2] The English pronunciation is ['zɝk siːz].Contents1 Early life and accession2 Invasion of the Greek Mainland3 In the Bible3.1 Name3.2 In the Book of Esther4 Children5 Cultural influence6 See also7 References8 Further reading//[edit] Early life and accession  Xerxes Gate, The gate of all nations at PersepolisXerxes was son of Darius the Great and Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus the Great. After his accession in October 485 BC, he suppressed the revolts in Egypt and Babylon that had broken out the year before and appointed his brother Achaemenes as governor or satrap over Egypt (Old Persian: khshathrapavan). In 484 BC, he took away from Babylon the golden statue of Bel (Marduk, Merodach), the hands of which the rightful king of Babylon had to take a hold of on the first day of each year, and killed the priest who tried to get in his way. Therefore Xerxes does not bear the title of King in the Babylonian documents dated from his reign, but King of Persia and Media or simply King of countries (i.e. of the world). This proceeding led to two rebellions, probably in 484 BC and 479 BC.[edit] Invasion of the Greek MainlandMain article: Greco-Persian Wars Inscription of Xerxes, Van, Turkey, 1973. Relief of an Achaemenid king, possibly Xerxes or Darius, on the wall of Persepolis Palace[3]Darius left to his son the task of punishing the Athenians, Naxians, and Eretrians for their interference in the Ionian Revolt and their victory over the Persians at Marathon. From 483 BC Xerxes prepared his expedition: A channel was dug through the isthmus of the peninsula of Mount Athos, provisions were stored in the stations on the road through Thrace, two bridges were thrown across the Hellespont. Soldiers of many nationalities served in the armies of Xerxes, including the Assyrians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Indians, Egyptians, Jews and Arabs.[4] According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Xerxes' first attempt to bridge the Hellespont ended in failure when a storm destroyed the flax and papyrus bridge; Xerxes ordered the Hellespont (the strait itself) whipped three hundred times and had fetters thrown into the water. Xerxes' second attempt to bridge the Hellespont was successful.[5] Xerxes concluded an alliance with Carthage, and thus deprived Greece of the support of the powerful monarchs of Syracuse and Agrigentum. Many smaller Greek states, moreover, took the side of the Persians, especially Thessaly, Thebes and Argos. Xerxes set out in the spring of 480 BC from Sardis with a fleet and army which Herodotus claimed was more than two million strong with at least 10,000 elite warriors named Persian Immortals. Xerxes was victorious during the initial battles. At the Battle of Thermopylae, a small force of warriors, 300 spartans, and 1000 other Greeks, led by King Leonidas of Sparta, resisted the much larger Persian forces, but were ultimately defeated. According to Herodotus, the Persians broke the Spartan phalanx after a Greek man called Ephialtes betrayed his country by telling the Persians of another pass around the mountains. After Thermopylae, Athens was captured and the Athenians and Spartans were driven back to their last line of defence at the Isthmus of Corinth and in the Saronic Gulf. At Artemisium, large storms had destroyed ships from the Greek side and so the battle stopped prematurely as the Greeks received news of the defeat at Thermopylae and retreated. Xerxes was induced by the message of Themistocles (against the advice of Artemisia of Halicarnassus) to attack the Greek fleet under unfavourable conditions, rather than sending a part of his ships to the Peloponnesus and awaiting the dissolution of the Greek armies. The Battle of Salamis (September 29, 480 BC) was won by the Athenians. Although the loss was a setback, it was not a disaster and Xerxes set up a winter camp in Thessaly. Due to unrest in Babylon, Xerxes was forced to send his army home to prevent a revolt, leaving behind an army in Greece under Mardonius, who was defeated the following year at Plataea.[6] The defeat of the Persians at Mycale roused the Greek cities of Asia. The rock-cut tomb at Naqš-i Rustam north of Persepolis, copying that of Darius, is usually assumed to be that of Xerxes[edit] In the BibleMain article: AhasuerusThe name Xerxes has not traditionally appeared in English bibles,[7] but has rather appeared as 'Ahasuerus'. While in many other more modern translations and paraphrases[8] they have directly listed Xerxes. Xerxes appears three times in the Bible: firstly as Esther's husband,[9] followed by a perfect example in the Book of Ezra[10], listing him as king of Persia in proper order after Cyrus and Darius (skipping Cambyses and the short rule of the Magi as being unrelated to the events of the book); the third reference comes from the prophecy of Daniel 11:2[11], foretelling his invasion of Greece. The reference to "Darius the son of Ahasuerus" in Daniel 9:1is unrelated.[12][edit] NameWhile Xerxes is a straightforward Latinization of Greek Ξέρξης, the 'English' name Ahasuerus is a rendition of Biblical Hebrew Áḥašweroš, in turn corresponding to Babylonian Aḫšiyaršu. All of these names originate with Old Persian Xšayāršā.[edit] In the Book of EstherFor these same reasons and due to the historical context of the text, it is also commonly understood and translated that Esther's husband Ahasuerus is Xerxes the Great.[13] But the Greek Septuagint version of the Hebrew Bible identifies Esther's husband as Artaxerxes I (Longimanus), rather than Xerxes himself,[14] as does the Judeo-Roman historian Josephus.[15] Yet it is now thought that the translators of this portion of the Septuagint simply mistook Xerxes the Great for Artaxerxes I (Longimanus).[16][17][edit] ChildrenBy queen AmestrisAmytis, wife of MegabyzusArtaxerxes IDarius, the first born, murdered by Artaxerxes and Artabanus.Hystaspes, murdered by Artaxerxes.RodogyneBy unknown wivesArtarius, satrap of Babylon.Ratashah[18][edit] Cultural influenceThe Persians, an Athenian tragedy written by Aeschylus in 472 BCEBaroque operas set to Nicolò Minato's libretto on the life of Xerxes I, derived from the Histories of Herodotus and subsequently adapted by Silvio Stampiglia and others:Xerse (1654), by Francesco CavalliXerse (1694), by Giovanni Battista BononciniSerse (1738), by George Frideric HandelXerxes I of PersiaAchaemenid dynastyBorn: 519 BC Died: 465 BCPreceded byDarius I the GreatGreat King (Shah) of Persia485 BC–465 BCSucceeded byArtaxerxes IPharaoh of Egypt485 BC–465 BC[edit] See alsoAhasuerus[edit] References^ Ghias Abadi, R. M. (2004). Achaemenid Inscriptions (کتیبههای هخامنشی), 2nd edition (in Persian), Tehran: Shiraz Navid Publications, page 107. ISBN 964-358-015-6. ^ Strauss, Barry S. , The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece - and Western Civilization, p. 36. Simon & Schuster, New York, 2004.^ Livius Picture Archive: Persepolis - Apadana Audience Relief^ Farrokh 2007: 77^ Bailkey, Nels, ed. Readings in Ancient History, p. 175. D.C. Heath and Co., USA, 1992.^ Battle of Salamis and aftermath^ King James Version, New American Standard Bible, The Amplified Bible, English Standard Version, 21st Century King James Version, American Standard Version, Young's Literal Translation, Darby Translation, Holman Christian Standard Bible, etc.^ New International Version, The Message, New Living Translation, Contemporary Version, New Century Version, New International Revised Version, Today's New Interational Version, etc.^ Esther 1:1^ Ezra 4:5^ Daniel 11:2^ for more information on this matter see the artilce Darius the Mede, Identity of "Darius the Mede".^ New International Version, The Message, Amplified Bible, New Living Translation, Contemporary English Version, New King James Version, New Century Version, New International Reader's Version, Today's New International Version, etc.^ Septuagint; Esther 1:1,2,9...etc.; 2003 Hendrickson Publishers, ed. by Sir Lancelot C.L. Brenton; ISBN 0-913573-44-2^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews Book 11, Chap. 6, sec. 2; Whiston, William; The Complete Works of Josephus; Hendrickson Publishers, 1987; ISBN 0-913573-86-8.^ Sir Godfrey Driver, Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible (1970)^ Wikipedia, Septuagint, Creation of the Septiagint, 5 October 2008^ M. Brosius, Women in ancient Persia.[edit] Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to:Xerxes I of PersiaHerodotus, The Persian Wars. Translated by George Rawlinson, Introduction by Francis R.B. Godolphin (1942 edition)A.T. Olmstead, 1948. History of the Persian Empire (University of Chicago Press) pp. 214ff.P. Briant, 2002. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire.Farrokh, Kaveh (2007). Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1846031087.v • d • eList of rulers who were termed the GreatThe Greats in AsiaRamkhamhaeng · Naresuan · Narai · Taksin · Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke · Chulalongkorn · Bhumibol Adulyadej · Sejong the Great · Ashoka the Great · Kanishka · Mengrai · Akbar the Great · Yu the Great · Parākramabāhu I · Raja Raja Chola I · Gwanggaeto the Great · Anawrahta · BayinnaungThe Greats in EuropeAlfred the Great · Peter I of Russia · Catherine II of Russia · Frederick William the Great Elector · Frederick II of Prussia · Alfonso III of León · Henry IV of France · Herod the Great · Casimir III of Poland · Charlemagne · Tigranes the Great · Stephen III of Moldavia · Peter III of Aragon · Ivan III of Russia · John I of Portugal · Pompey · Justinian I · Canute the Great · Ferdinand I of León · Hugh the Great · Antiochus III the Great · Llywelyn the Great · Louis I of Hungary · Louis XIV of France · Theodosius I · William V of Aquitaine · Boleslaw I of Poland · Sancho III of Navarre · Theodoric the Great · Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden · Vytautas the GreatThe Greats in the Middle East and AfricaRamesses II · Alexander the Great · Cyrus the Great · Darius I of Persia · Xerxes I of Persia · Shah Abbas the Great of Persia · Reza Shah · Mubarak Al-Sabah · Askia Mohammad I · Mithridates II of Parthia · Shapur II · Timur · UmarThe Greats in AmericaKamehameha IRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia" Categories: Monarchs of Persia | Pharaohs of the Achaemenid dynasty of Egypt | Monarchs of the Hebrew Bible | Battle of Thermopylae | Murdered monarchs | Year of birth unknown | 465 BC deaths | Book of Esther | Achaemenid kings Views Article Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Log in / create account if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help Toolbox What links here Related changesUpload fileSpecial pages Printable version Permanent linkCite this page Languages العربية Bosanski Български Català Česky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kurdî / كوردی Latina Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk (bokmål) Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文   This page was last modified on 9 October 2008, at 11:16. 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