About site: Holidays/Cinco de Mayo - Cinco de Mayo
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Title: Holidays/Cinco de Mayo - Cinco de Mayo Examines the holiday's history and its significance. In English and Spanish.
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Cinco de MayoEl-Templo-de-San-AgustinPuebla - El Templo de San AgustínCinco de mayo de 1862 - La Batalla de Puebla.¡Viva México! ¡Viva Juárez! Viva el 5de mayo! The 5th of May is celebrated in the United States among the Mexican-Americanpopulation, especially in California, Arizona, New Mexico andTexas. Various Mexican-American societies use the celebrationsto commemorate the overthrow of the Mexican Imperial Monarchyheaded by Maximilian of Austria. The Imperial Monarchy was imposedfrom 1864 to 1867 on Mexico by Napoleon III, Emperor of France(nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) and the Mexican conservatives "Clubde Notables". The Mexican-American societies were formed after the Mexican-Americanwar (1846-1848) in response to atrocities committed by US. troopsoccupying the lands annexed by the US. following the war. Thewar was settled by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo with fifteenmillion dollars in payment for the annexed lands. The societiesoriginally consisted of home guard units but evolved into socialsocieties as stability returned to the US Southwest. These societiescontributed large amounts of material and money to the MexicanConstitutional Government in its fight against the Mexican ImperialMonarchy. In 1858, Benito Juárez was elected President of theUnited States of Mexico to defend the Mexican Constitution establishedon February 5th, 1857. After much internal struggle, Juárezwas re-elected in 1861. Because of financial instability, mainlydue to the Mexican-American war, the Mexican Congress suspendedforeign debt repayment for two years. The creditors in Europe (England, Spain and France) decidedintervention was needed to collect the debts. Unbeknownst tothe other two, France had its own agenda. France wanted to disposeof the Mexican Constitutional Government and set up a monarchyfavorable to France. Napoleon III, Emperor of the Second FrenchEmpire had grandiose plans to impose a monarchical governmentupon the nations of Central and South America. This was to provideraw materials and trade for the European nations as well as checkthe growing power of the US Republic following the annexationof California, Arizona and New Mexico. France's designs were formented and abetted by the plutocraticand conservative land owners of Mexico who feared loss of landand political power to the newly elected constitutional governmentof Benito Juárez. On December 8th, 1861 the European powers landed and occupied Veracruz, Spain arrived first. By April11, 1862 after realizing France's intent, England and Spain withdrewtheir support. Meanwhile, in Mexico City, President Juárez (a full bloodedZapotec Indian, and a lawyer who had studied to become a priest),was taking countermeasures: "There is no help but in defensebut I can assure you... the Imperial Government will not succeedin subduing the Mexicans,and its armies will not have a single day of peace... we muststop them, not only for our country but for the respect of thesovereignty of the nations"(1). Juarez declared martiallaw and declared all areas occupied by the French in a state ofsiege. After reinforcements arrived, a French force of (7,000) seventhousand set out on the (225) two hundred twenty five mile routeto Mexico City in early April under the illusion that the Mexicanpeople would welcome them. This illusion was fostered by JuanN. Almonte, a Mexican reactionary, and by Count Dubois du Salignyappointed French Ambassador to Mexico by Napoleon. PresidenteJuárez commanded General Ignacio Zaragoza to block theadvance of the French Army with 2,000 soldiers at the fortifiedhills of Loreto and Guadalupe by the city of Puebla. On May 5th, 1862, cannons boomed and rifle shots rang out asthe French soldiers attacked the two forts. Before the day wasover, one fort was in ruins and more than a thousand French soldierswere dead. The Mexicans had won the battle, but not the war. Yet, this date was established as symbolic of the Mexicans'courage against a formidable army. In June 1864, Maximilian of Habsburg and his wife Charlottearrived in Mexico City as the crowned Emperor of the newly formedMexican Empire. Although Maximilian organized the administration,liberated the Indians from servitude, and developed the naturalresources of the country, he was unable to avoid the opposition of the Mexican patriots. The republicans, led by Benito Juárez,did not accept the foreign intervention. They went north andrequested assistance from the Californians and other Mexican-Americansocieties to help them with volunteers and financial support. Finally, Maximilian was overthrown and captured on May 15, 1867,tried by court martial, and executed by firing squad on June 19at the Cerro de las Campanas along with his generals Miguel Miramónand Tomás Mejía. The 5 de Mayo is a Mexican national holiday. The battlefieldis now a park in Puebla with a statue of General Zaragoza ridinghorseback. One of the forts is a war museum with a display ofhundreds of toy soldiers set up to show what had happened thatday. But it is in the United States of America where the celebrationis more festive consisting of parades, music, folklore, dancesand food. These festivities are mainly fund raising events andfor solidarity among the Mexican-Americans. Our Sinclair Community College morning and evening Spanish 103students researched this historical event as a class project.Cinco de mayo de 1862 - La Batalla de Puebla¡Viva México! ¡Viva Juárez! Viva el 5de mayo!Los mexicano-americanos celebran el 5 de mayo, especialmente enlos estados de California, Arizona, Nuevo México y Texas. Los habitantes de estos estados tuvieron una participaciónmuy importante y contribuyeron al derrocamiento del Imperio deMaximiliano de Habsburgo (de Austria). La Monarquía Imperialfue impuesta desde 1864 hasta 1867 en México por NapoleónIII Emperador de Francia (sobrino de Napoleón Bonaparte)y por el grupo conservador mexicano del "Club de Notables". Estas sociedades mexicano-norteamericanas se formaron despuésde la guerra contra México (1846-1848) como respuesta alas atrocidades cometidas por las tropas americanas que ocuparonlas tierras anexadas por los Estados Unidos de Américaal terminar la guerra. La distribución de estas tierrasfueron de acuerdo con el Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo y con elpago de ($15,000,000.00) quince millones de dólares. Estassociedades establecieron una guardia de vigilantes, con la finalidadde proteger sus hogares hasta que el orden se establecióen la parte suroeste de los Estados Unidos. Entonces se volvieronen sociedades de tipo social. Fueron estas sociedades las quecontribuyeron en gran parte con financiamiento para el GobiernoConstitucional Mexicano en su lucha contra la MonarquíaImperial Mexicana. En 1858, Benito Juárez fue elegido Presidente de los EstadosUnidos Mexicanos para defender la Constitución establecidael 5 de febrero de 1857. Después de varias luchas internas,Juárez fue reelecto en 1861. Debido a la inestabilidadfinanciera, causada por la guerra mexicano-americana, el CongresoMexicano acordó suspender los pagos de la deuda exteriordurante dos años. Los acreedores en Europa (Inglaterra, España y Francia)decidieron que la intervención sería la mejor manerade cobrarse la deuda. Francia tenía su propia agenda, lacual era desconocida por Inglaterra y España. NapoleónIII, Emperador del Segundo Imperio Francés queríaestablecer una monarquía favorable para Francia, y asimismo,quería disolver el Gobierno Constitucional Mexicano. Susplanes de grandiosidad consistían en extender esta monarquíahasta Centro y Sudamérica para proveer de materia primay comercio a Europa y al mismo tiempo estar cerca de la Repúblicade los Estados Unidos la cual crecía en poder despuésde anexar California, Nuevo México y Arizona. Los designios descabellados de Francia fueron fomentados y confabuladospor los terratenientes plutocráticos y los conservadores de México que temían perder su poderío ysus tierras al nuevo gobierno constitucional del Presidente Juárez. El 8 de diciembre de 1861, los poderes europeos desembarcaronen el Puerto de Veracruz y lo ocuparon, siendo Españala primera en llegar. Para el 11 de abril de 1862 Españae Inglaterra se enteraron de las intenciones de Francia y abandonaronsu apoyo embarcándose hacia Europa. Mientras tanto, en la ciudad de México, el PresidenteJuárez (indio zapoteca que se había licenciadocomo abogado y había estudiado para el sacerdocio) tomabamedidas para contrarrestar la invasión: "El gobiernode la República...en vista de la declaración delos plenipotenciarios franceses, no puede ni debe hacer otra cosaque rechazar la fuerza con la fuerza y defender a la naciónde la agresión injusta con la que se la amenaza. ...Tengamosfe en la justicia de nuestra causa... haciendo triunfar no sóloa nuestra patria, sino a los principios de respeto y de inviolabilidadde la soberanía de las naciones" (1). El PresidenteJuárez declaró la ley marcial en todas las áreasocupadas por los franceses en estado de sitio. Cuando llegaron las tropas de refuerzo francesas, el ejército se componía de (7.000) siete mil soldados que salieronen la ruta de (225) doscientas veinticinco millas hacia la ciudadde México a principios de abril con la ilusión deque los mexicanos les darían la bienvenida. Esta ilusiónfue nutrida por Juan N. Almonte, un reaccionario mexicano, y porel Conde Dubois de Saligny, el embajador francés, nombradorpor Napoleón. El Presidente Juárez le dióla orden al General Ignacio Zaragoza de detener el avance de lasfuerzas armadas francesas en los fuertes de Loreto y Guadalupecerca de la ciudad de Puebla. Zaragoza contaba con sólo(2,000) dos mil hombres. El 5 de mayo de 1862, los cañones resonaron y los riflesdispararon y más de (1,000) mil soldados franceses cayeronmuertos. Los mexicanos habían ganado la batalla, perono la guerra. Sin embargo, esta fecha es la que simboliza elvalor mexicano ante una armada tan formidable. Para junio de 1864, Maximiliano de Habsburgo y su esposa Carlota(austriacos) llegaron a la ciudad de México para tomarposesión del recién formado Imperio Mexicano y fueroncoronados como el Emperador y la Emperatriz de México. Aunque Maximiliano organizó la administración delgobierno, liberó a los indios de la esclavitud, y desarrollólos recursos naturales del país, no pudo evitar la oposiciónde los patriotas mexicanos. Los republicanos, al mando de BenitoJuárez, no aceptaron la intervención extranjera. Se refugiaron en el norte del país y les pidieron ayudaa los californianos y a otras sociedades mexicano-norteamericanascon financiamiento y voluntarios para la lucha. Finalmente, Maximiliano fue derrotado y capturado el 15 de mayode 1867; fue juzgado por una corte marcial y ejecutado por unaescuadra de fusilamiento el 19 de junio en el Cerro de las Campanascon sus generales Miguel Miramón y Tomás Mejía. El 5 de mayo es una fiesta nacional mexicana. El campo de batallaes ahora un parque en Puebla con la estatua del General Zaragozamontado a caballo. Uno de los fuertes es ahora un museo de historiaque describe a escala con soldados de juguete lo ocurrido durantela Batalla de Puebla. Pero es en los Estados Unidos de Américadonde se celebra de una forma más festiva con desfiles,música, bailes folclóricos y comida. Estas festividadesson para recaudar fondos para obras benéficas y como demonstraciónde la solidaridad que existe entre los mexicano-norteamericanos. Los estudiantes de Español 103 de la mañana y dela noche del Sinclair Community College fueron quienes hicieroneste trabajo de investigación histórica como proyectode grupo.B I B L I O G R A P H YAdams, Nicholson B. The Heritage of Spain, 1983.Cadenhead, I. E. Jr., Benito Juarez. New York: WaynePublication, Inc. 1993 Hanna, Alfred and Kathryn. Napoleon III and Mexico. Harding, Bertita Lonarz de. Phantom Crown Mexico: EdicionesTolteca, S. A., 1967.Ludwig, Emil. NapoleonO'Commor, Richard. The Cactus Throne. New York: G.P.Putnam's Sons. 1971Riva Palacio, D. Vicente. Mexico a traves de los siglos. Tomo V. Mexico: Ballesca y Comp. Editores, ?Ruiz, Ramon Eduardo. Triumphs and Tragedy. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 1992.Tyrner -Tyrnaner, A.R. Lincoln and the Emperors. NewYork: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. 1962American EncyclopediaEnciclopedia Barsa. Buenos Aires, Chicago, Mexico: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 1970Encyclopaedia Brittanica.Encyclopedia Hispanica. Volume MCompton's Interactive Encyclopedia, Compton's NewMedia, Inc. Version 2.00 VW 1994.mendoza-grado@att.com or rjsalvad@iastate.edu. What do Mexicanscelebrate on Cinco de Mayo (May 5th)back.gif
 

Examines

the

holiday's

history

and

its

significance.

In

English

and

Spanish.

http://www.nacnet.org/assunta/spa5may.htm

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