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Title: Issues/Labor/Slavery - Review of Kevin Bales' 'Disposable People' Book review of Kevin Bales' study of modern slavery, with case studies from Thailand, Mauritania, Pakistan, Brazil, and India.

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Disposable People:New Slavery in the Global Economy

Kevin Bales

University of California Press 2000A book review by Danny Yee © 2000 http://dannyreviews.com/Most people think of slavery as a phenomenon of the past, as something wehave put behind us. In Disposable People Bales surveys the disturbingextent of slavery in the modern world, where there may be more slaves thanat any previous time in history — around 25 million by his estimate.Bales finds two broad types of slavery. The "old" slavery (exemplifiedfor many of us by the pre-Civil War United States south) was based onlegal ownership and division along ethnic and racial lines. Slaves wereexpensive and relationships between slaves and slaveowners were oftenlong-term, sometimes multi-generational. The "new" slavery, in contrast,is based not on formal ownership but on other legal instruments suchas contracts and debts. Slaves are cheap, even disposable, and drawnfrom the poor, vulnerable, and dispossessed rather than from particularracial or ethnic groups.These are of course ideal types and modern slavery mixes elements ofboth, varying in its forms both between regions and across individuals.Disposable People contains five case studies: sex slavery in Thailand;old-fashioned chattel slavery in Mauritania, with White Moor masters andBlack slaves; charcoal-makers on the frontier in Brazil; brick-makersheld in heritable debt-bondage in Pakistan, through fraud and dishonestaccounting; and farmers in debt-bondage in India. In each case Balespresents the personal stories of a few individuals, analyses the economicand political causes of their slavery, and sketches its broader socialand historical contexts.Bales avoids sensationalism and takes care with his analysis. Hedistinguishes genuine slavery from mere poverty, arguing that "slaveryshould not be confused with anything else: it is not prison labor,it is not all forms of child labor, it is not just being very poor andhaving few choices". (Though the boundaries have to be a lot fuzzierthan he lets on.) He also avoids moralising: slaveholders are not allcruel and in some cases slavery is deeply embedded in the culture —not all slaves yearn for freedom and some may be unwilling to repudiatedebts or contracts, even when clearly fraudulent or unfair.Common to all forms of slavery is the use of violence, overt or implicit.So slavery requires either a failure of the state to maintain law andorder or its complicity. In each of his case studies Bales looks atthe role of the legal system and law enforcement. Failure to protectslaves or enforce anti-slavery legislation may be the result of apathy,discrimination, or corruption; sometimes there is more direct involvement,with the police playing an active role in intimidating slaves andcatching runaways.Also common to all forms of slavery is a profit-making motive, though theprofits from the "new" style of slavery tend to be much larger than fromthe older forms. Bales covers both microeconomic detail and connectionswith broader national and global economies. He analyses, for example,the profits to be made from owning a water-carrier slave in Nouakchott,Mauritania, or running a four-worker charcoal-making operation in Brazil.And he looks at the scale of the profits made by the businessmen with"clean hands" who run slave-using businesses "at arms length" and attheir links to national and international companies and markets.This economic connection is one of the ways in which Bales urgesordinary citizens in the developed world to act, by putting pressure ontheir pension and mutual funds. Another is political action, directedtowards economic sanctions or to pressuring governments to enforceanti-slavery legislation. Disposable People also touches on the workdone by international organisations such as Anti-Slavery Internationaland local organisations such as the Pastoral Land Commission in Brazil,the mixed success of international campaigns against child labour inBrazil, the failure of a brick-makers "revolution" in Pakistan in 1988,and the relatively successful anti-slavery programs in India.Ending slavery is no easy task: it is certainly more complex thansimply making a proclamation or announcement (as the 1980 "abolition"of slavery in Mauritania demonstrates). Bales explains that "being freemeans more than just walking away from bondage"; to protect freed slavesfrom starvation or reenslavement, it is essential to provide education,training, and psychological support to enable them "to find their ownway into true freedom".October 2000External links:- buy from Amazon.com or Amazon.co.uk- details at University of California PressRelated reviews:- more social history- books about social justice- books published by University of California Press- other "best book" selections%T Disposable People%S New Slavery in the Global Economy%A Bales, Kevin%I University of California Press%D 2000%O paperback, references, index%G ISBN 0520224639%P 298pp,12pp b&w photosSubjects |Titles |Authors |Best Books |Search |LatestBook Reviews by Danny Yee

Book	review	of	Kevin
Bales'	study	of	modern	slavery,
	with	case	studies	from
Thailand,		Mauritania,	Pakistan,	Brazil,
and	India.

http://dannyreviews.com/h/Disposable_People.html

Review of Kevin Bales' 'Disposable People' 2008 July

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Book review of Kevin Bales' study of modern slavery, with case studies from Thailand, Mauritania, Pakistan, Brazil, and India.

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