Konrad Adenauer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ /**/ /**/ Konrad Adenauer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search  This article needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2007)For other uses, see Konrad Adenauer (disambiguation).Konrad Adenauer 27th Chancellor of Germany1st Chancellor of the Federal Republic of GermanyIn officeSeptember 15, 1949 – October 16, 1963Preceded byCount Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk (1945)Succeeded byLudwig ErhardBornJanuary 5, 1876(1876-01-05)CologneDiedApril 19, 1967 (aged 91)Bad HonnefPolitical partyCentre Party, CDUSpouseEmma WeyerAuguste (Gussie) ZinsserAlma materUniversity of FreiburgUniversity of MunichUniversity of BonnOccupationLawyer, PoliticianReligionRoman CatholicKonrad Hermann Josef Adenauer (IPA: [ˈkɔnʁaːt ˈhɛɐman ˈjozef ˈaːdenaʊɐ]), January 5, 1876 – April 19, 1967) was a German statesman. Although his political career spanned sixty years, beginning as early as 1906, he is most noted for his role as the first Chancellor of West Germany from 1949–1963 and chairman of the Christian Democratic Union from 1950 to 1966. He was the oldest chancellor ever to serve Germany, leaving at the age of eighty-seven.Contents1 Biography1.1 Early life1.2 Early political career1.3 Post World War II and the founding of the CDU1.4 Chancellor of West Germany1.5 Additional actions as Chancellor2 Assassination attempt3 Political scandals4 Adenauer ministries4.1 First ministry4.2 Second ministry4.3 Third ministry4.4 Fourth ministry5 Adenauer in numismatics6 References7 External links//[edit] Biography[edit] Early lifeKonrad Adenauer was born as the third of five children of Johann Konrad Adenauer (1833-1906) and his wife Helene (1849-1919) (née Scharfenberg) in Cologne, Rhenish Prussia. His siblings were August (1872-1952), Johannes (1873-1937), Lilli (1879-1950) and Elisabeth, who died shortly after birth. In 1894, he completed his Abitur and started to study law and politics at the universities of Freiburg, Munich and Bonn. He was a member of several Roman Catholic students’ associations under the K.St.V. Arminia Bonn in Bonn. He finished his studies in 1901. Afterwards he worked as a lawyer at the court in Cologne.[edit] Early political careerAs a devout Roman Catholic, he joined the Centre Party in 1906 and was elected to Cologne’s city council in the same year. In 1909, he became Vice-Mayor of Cologne. From 1917 to 1933, he served as Mayor of Cologne. He had the unpleasant task of heading Cologne in the era of British occupation following the First World War and lasting until 1926. He managed to establish faithful relations with the British military authorities and flirted with Rhenish separatism (a Rhenish state as part of Germany, but outside Prussia). During the Weimar Republic, he was president of the Prussian State Council (Preußischer Staatsrat) from 1922 to 1933, which was the representative of the Prussian cities and provinces.Part of the Politics series onChristian democracyPartiesChristian democratic partiesCentrist Democrat InternationalChristian Dem Org of AmericaEuropean People's PartyEuro Christian Political MovementEuropean Democratic PartyIdeasSocial conservatismSocial market economyCommunitarianismHuman dignity · StewardshipSphere sovereignty · DistributismCatholic social teachingNeo-Calvinism · Neo-ThomismImportant documentsRerum Novarum (1891)Stone Lectures (Princeton 1898)Graves de Communi Re (1901)Quadragesimo Anno (1931)Laborem Exercens (1981)Sollicitudi Rei Socialis (1987)Centesimus Annus (1991)Important figuresThomas Aquinas · John CalvinPope Leo XIII · Abraham KuyperMaritain · Adenauer · De GasperiPope Pius XI · SchumanPope John Paul II · Kohlv • d • ePolitics PortalWhen the Nazis came to power in 1933, the Centre Party lost the elections in Cologne and Adenauer fled to the abbey of Maria Laach, threatened by the new government after he refused to shake hands with a local Nazi leader. His stay at this abbey, which lasted for a year, was cited by its abbot after the war, when accused by Heinrich Böll and others of collaboration with the Nazis.He was imprisoned briefly after the Night of the Long Knives in mid-1934. During the next two years, he changed residences often for fear of reprisals against him by the Nazis. In 1937, he was successful in claiming at least some compensation for his once confiscated house and managed to live in seclusion for some years.According to Albert Speer in his book Spandau: The Secret Diaries, Hitler expressed admiration for Adenauer, noting his building of a road circling the city as a bypass, and of a “green belt” of parks. However, both Hitler and Speer felt that Adenauer’s political views and principles made it impossible for him to play any role within the Nazi movement or be helpful to the Nazi party.After the failed assassination attempt on Hitler in 1944, he was imprisoned for a second time as an opponent of the regime. The Gestapo could not prove he played an active role in the plot and he was released some weeks later. Shortly after the war ended the Americans installed him again as Mayor of Cologne, but the British administration dismissed him for what they said was his alleged incompetence.[edit] Post World War II and the founding of the CDUAfter his dismissal as Mayor of Cologne, Adenauer devoted himself to building a new political party, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), which hoped would embrace both Protestants and Roman Catholics in a single party. In January 1946, Adenauer initiated a political meeting of the future CDU in the British zone in his role as doyen (the oldest man in attendance, Alterspräsident) and was informally confirmed as its leader. Adenauer worked diligently at building up contacts and support in the CDU over the next years, and he sought with varying success to impose his particular ideology on the party. His was an ideology at odds with many in the CDU, who wished to unite socialism and Christianity; Adenauer preferred to stress the dignity of the individual, and he considered both communism and Nazism materialist world views that violated human dignity.Adenauer’s leading role in the CDU of the British zone won him a position at the Parliamentary Council of 1948, called into existence by the Western Allies to draft a constitution for the three western zones of Germany. He was the chairman of this constitutional convention and vaulted from this position to being chosen as the first head of government once the new “Basic Law” had been promulgated in May 1949.[edit] Chancellor of West GermanyAt the German federal election, 1949, Adenauer became the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundeskanzler) after World War II. He held this position from 1949 to 1963, a period which spans most of the preliminary phase of the Cold War. During this period, the post-war division of Germany was consolidated with the establishment of two separate German states, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The first elections to the Bundestag of West Germany were held on August 15, 1949, with the Christian Democrats emerging as the strongest party. Theodor Heuss was elected first President of the Republic, and Adenauer was elected Chancellor on September 16, 1949.Adenauer’s achievements include the establishment of a stable democracy in defeated Germany, a lasting reconciliation with France, a general political reorientation towards the West, recovering limited but far-reaching sovereignty for West Germany by firmly integrating it with the emerging Euro-Atlantic community (NATO and the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation). Adenauer is associated with establishing an efficient pension system, which ensured unparalleled prosperity for retired persons, and - along with his Minister for Economic Affairs and successor, Ludwig Erhard - with the West German model of a “social market economy” (a mixed economy with capitalism moderated by elements of social welfare and Catholic social teaching), which allowed for the boom period known as the Wirtschaftswunder (“economic miracle”) and produced broad prosperity. Thus, Adenauer ensured a truly free and democratic society which had been almost unknown to the German people before - notwithstanding that more or less hopeless attempt between 1919 and 1933 (the Weimar Republic) - and which is today not just normal but also deeply integrated into modern German society. He thereby laid the groundwork for the Western world to trust Germany again. Precisely because of Adenauer’s former policy, a later reunification of both German states was possible. A unified Germany has remained part of the European Union and NATO.  Plaque commemorating the restoration of relations between Germany and France, showing Adenauer and Charles de Gaulle.However, contemporary critics accused Adenauer of cementing the division of Germany, sacrificing reunification and the recovery of territories lost to Poland and the Soviet Union for the sake of speedy integration into the West. During the Cold War, he advocated West German rearmament and mandatory conscription as an answer to a similar development in East Germany. The 1952 Stalin Note offered to unify the two German states into a single, neutral, disarmed Germany to effect superpower disengagement from Central Europe. Adenauer shared the Western Allies’ suspicion about the genuineness of that offer and supported the Allies in their cautious replies. Adenauer’s critics, especially on the nationalist side, denounced him for having missed an opportunity for early German reunification. Adenauer’s defenders claimed, and continue to argue, that given the realities of the Cold War, reunification and the recovery of lost territories were not realistic goals.Others criticize his era as culturally and politically conservative, which sought to base the entire social and political make-up of West Germany around the personal views of a single person, one who bore a certain amount of mistrust towards his own people.The West German student movement of the late 1960s was essentially a protest against the conservatism Adenauer had personified. Another point of criticism was that Adenauer’s commitment to reconciliation with France was in stark contrast to a certain indifference towards Communist Poland. Like all other major West German political parties of the time, the CDU refused to recognize the annexation of former German territories given by the Soviets to Poland, and openly talked about regaining these territories after strengthening West Germany’s position in Europe.In retrospect, mainly positive assessments of his chancellorship prevail, not only with the German public, which voted him the “greatest German of all time” in a 2003 television poll, but even with some of today’s left-wing intellectuals, who praise his unconditional commitment to western-style democracy and European integration.[edit] Additional actions as ChancellorMade a historic speech to the Bundestag in September 1951 in which he recognized the obligation of the German government to compensate Israel, as the representative of the Jewish people, for the Holocaust. This started a process which led to the Bundestag approving a pact between Israel and Germany in 1953 outlining the reparations Germany would pay to Israel.Helped secure the release of the last German prisoners of war in 1955, a decade after the end of the war.Opened diplomatic relations with the USSR and other Eastern bloc nations, but refused to recognise East Germany.Reached an agreement with the USA in 1957 that gave West Germany possession of weapons capable of transporting nuclear warheads. Furthermore, Adenauer pursued nuclear cooperation with other countries with a goal of Germany being able to produce its own nuclear armament.Oversaw the reintegration of Saarland with West Germany in 1957.Briefly considered running for the office of President in 1959. However, he instead chose a candidate (Heinrich Lübke) whom he believed weak enough not to disturb his affairs as Chancellor.For all of his efforts as West Germany’s leader, Adenauer was named Time magazine’s Man of the Year in 1953. In 1954, he received the Karlspreis (English: Charlemagne Award), an Award by the German city of Aachen to people who contributed to the European idea and European peace.Adenauer found relaxation and great enjoyment in the Italian game of bocce and spent a great deal of his post political career playing the game. Video footage of his games can be seen in various segments from the German Festival Documentary and from the History Channel special about Adenauer.When, in 1967, after his death at the age of 91, Germans were asked what they admired most about Adenauer, the majority responded that he had brought home the last German prisoners of war from the USSR, which had become known as the “Return of the 10,000”.[edit] Assassination attemptOn March 27, 1952, a package addressed to Chancellor Adenauer exploded in the Munich Police Headquarters, killing one police officer. Two boys who had been paid to send this package by mail had brought it to the attention of the police. Investigations led to people closely related to the Herut Party and the former Irgun organization. The German government kept all proof under seal. Five Israeli suspects identified by French and German investigators were allowed to return to Israel.One of the participants, Eliezer Sudit, later indicated that the mastermind behind the attempt was Menachem Begin who would later become the Prime Minister of Israel.[1] Begin had been the former commander of Irgun and at that time headed Herut and was a member of the Knesset. His goal was to undermine the attempts of the German government to seek friendly relations with Israel.[2]David Ben-Gurion, Prime Minister of Israel, appreciated Adenauer’s response in playing down the affair and not pursuing it further, as it would have burdened the relationship between the two new states.In June 2006 a slightly different version of this story appeared in Germany’s leading newspaper, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, quoted by The Guardian. Begin had offered to sell his gold watch as the conspirators ran out of money. The bomb was hidden in an encyclopaedia and it killed a bomb-disposal expert, injuring two others. Adenauer was targeted because he was sending Holocaust reparations to the Israeli government, whereas Begin felt passionately that the money should go to the individual victims. Sudit, the story’s source, explained that the “intent was not to hit Adenauer but to rouse the international media. It was clear to all of us there was no chance the package would reach Adenauer.” The five conspirators were arrested by the French police, in Paris. They “were [former] members of the ... Irgun” (the organisation had been disbanded in 1948, 4 years earlier).[3][edit] Political scandalsMain article: Spiegel scandalIn 1962, a scandal erupted when police under cabinet orders arrested five Der Spiegel journalists, charging them with high treason, specifically for publishing a memo detailing alleged weaknesses in the West German armed forces. The cabinet members, belonging to the Free Democratic Party, left their positions in November 1962, and Defense Minister Franz Josef Strauss, himself the chairman of the Christian Social Union, was dismissed, followed by the remaining Christian Democratic Union cabinet members. Adenauer managed to remain in office for almost another year, but was eventually forced to resign and was succeeded as Chancellor by Ludwig Erhard. He did remain chairman of the CDU until 1966.[edit] Adenauer ministries[edit] First ministryKonrad Adenauer (CDU) - ChancellorFranz Blücher (FDP) - Vice Chancellor and Minister of Marshall Plan AffairsGustav Heinemann (CDU) - Minister of the InteriorFritz Schäffer (CSU) - Minister of FinanceThomas Dehler (FDP) - Minister of JusticeLudwig Erhard (CDU) - Minister of EconomicsAnton Storch (CDU) - Minister of Labour and Social AffairsWilhelm Niklas (CSU) - Minister of Food, Agriculture, and ForestryHans-Christoph Seebohm (DP) - Minister of TransportEberhard Wildermuth (FDP) - Minister of ConstructionHans Schuberth (CSU) - Minister of Posts and CommunicationsHans Lukaschek (CDU) - Minister of Displaced Persons, Refugees, and War VictimsJakob Kaiser (CDU) - Minister of All-German AffairsHeinrich Hellwege (DP) - Minister of Bundesrat AffairsChangesOctober 13, 1950 - Robert Lehr (CDU) succeeds Heinemann as Minister of the Interior.March 15, 1951 - Konrad Adenauer becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs as well as Chancellor when the Allies allow this post to be revived.July 19, 1952 - Fritz Neumayer (FDP) succeeds Wildermuth (d.9 March) as Minister of Construction.[edit] Second ministryKonrad Adenauer (CDU) - Chancellor and Minister of Foreign AffairsFranz Blücher (FDP) - Vice Chancellor and Minister of Economic CooperationGerhard Schröder (CDU) - Minister of the InteriorFritz Schäffer (CSU) - Minister of FinanceFritz Neumayr (FDP) - Minister of JusticeLudwig Erhard (CDU) - Minister of EconomicsAnton Storch (CDU) - Minister of Labour and Social AffairsHeinrich Lübke (CDU) - Minister of Food, Agriculture, and ForestryHans-Christoph Seebohm (DP) - Minister of TransportViktor-Emanuel Preusker (FDP) - Minister of ConstructionFranz-Josef Wuermeling (CDU) - Minister of Family AffairsFranz Josef Strauss (CSU) - Minister of Special TasksRobert Tillmanns (CDU) - Minister of Special TasksWaldemar Kraft (GB/BHE) - Minister of Special TasksHermann Schäfer (FDP) - Minister of Special TasksSiegfried Balke - Minister of Posts and CommunicationsTheodor Oberländer (GB/BHE) - Minister of Displaced Persons, Refugees, and War VictimsJakob Kaiser (CDU) - Minister of All-German AffairsHeinrich Hellwege (DP) - Minister of Bundesrat AffairsChangesJune 7, 1955 - Theodor Blank (CDU) becomes Minister of Defense when that post is revived.June 8, 1955 - Heinrich von Brentano (CDU) succeeds Adenauer as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Hans-Joachim von Merkatz (DP) succeeds Hellwege as Minister of Bundesrat Affairs.October 19, 1955 - Franz Josef Strauss (CSU) becomes Minister of Atomic AffairsNovember 12, 1955 - Tillmanns leaves the cabinet.October 16, 1956 - Franz Josef Strauss (CSU) succeeds Blank as Minister of Defense. Hans-Joachim von Merkatz succeeds Neumayr as Minister of Justice. Kraft and Schäfer leave the Cabinet. Siegfried Balke (CSU) succeeds Strauss as Minister of Atomic Affairs.November 15, 1956 - Ernst Lemmer (CDU) succeeds Balke as Minister of Posts and Communications.[edit] Third ministryKonrad Adenauer (CDU) - ChancellorLudwig Erhard (CDU) - Vice Chancellor and Minister of EconomicsHeinrich von Brentano (CDU) - Minister of Foreign AffairsFranz Josef Strauss (CSU) - Minister of DefenseGerhard Schröder (CDU) - Minister of the InteriorFranz Etzel (CDU) - Minister of FinanceFritz Schäffer (CSU) - Minister of JusticeTheodor Blank (CDU) - Minister of Labour and Social AffairsHeinrich Lübke (CDU) - Minister of Food, Agriculture, and ForestryHans-Christoph Seebohm (DP) - Minister of TransportPaul Lücke (CDU) - Minister of ConstructionFranz-Josef Wuermeling (CDU) - Minister of Family and Youth AffairsRichard Stücklen (CSU) - Minister of Posts and CommunicationsTheodor Oberländer (CDU) - Minister of Displaced Persons, Refugees, and War VictimsErnst Lemmer (CDU) - Minister of All-German AffairsHans-Joachim von Merkatz (DP) - Minister of Bundesrat and State AffairsSiegfried Balke (CSU) - Minister of Nuclear Energy and WaterHermann Lindrath (CDU) - Minister of Federal Economic PossessionsChangesSeptember 13, 1959 - Werner Schwarz (CDU) succeeds Lübke as Minister of Food, Agriculture, and Forestry.April 5, 1960 - Oberländer resigns as Minister of Displaced Persons, Refugees, and War Victims.May 4, 1960 - Hans Wilhelmi (CDU) succeeds Lindrath (d. 27 February) as Minister of Federal Economic Possessions.October 27, 1960 - Hans-Joachim von Merkatz (CDU) becomes Minister of Displaced Persons, Refugees, and War Victims.[edit] Fourth ministryKonrad Adenauer (CDU) - ChancellorLudwig Erhard (CDU) - Vice Chancellor and Minister of EconomicsGerhard Schröder (CDU) - Minister of Foreign AffairsFranz Josef Strauss (CSU) - Minister of DefenseHermann Höcherl (CSU) - Minister of the InteriorHeinz Starke (FDP) - Minister of FinanceWolfgang Stammberger (FDP) - Minister of JusticeTheodor Blank (CDU) - Minister of Labour and Social AffairsWerner Schwarz (CDU) - Minister of Food, Agriculture, and ForestryHans-Christoph Seebohm (CDU) - Minister of TransportPaul Lücke (CDU) - Minister of ConstructionFranz-Josef Wuermeling (CDU) - Minister of Family and Youth AffairsElisabeth Schwarzhaupt (CDU) - Minister of HealthWalter Scheel (FDP) - Minister of Economic CooperationHeinrich Krone (CDU) - Minister of Special TasksRichard Stücklen (CSU) - Minister of Posts and CommunicationsWolfgang Mischnick (FDP) - Minister of Displaced Persons, Refugees, and War VictimsErnst Lemmer (CDU) - Minister of All-German AffairsHans-Joachim von Merkatz (CDU) - Minister of Bundesrat and State AffairsSiegfried Balke (CSU) - Minister of Nuclear Energy and WaterHans Lenz (FDP) - Minister of Federal TreasureChangesNovember 19, 1962 Ewald Bucher (FDP) succeeds Stammberger as Minister of Justice. Werner Dollinger (CSU) succeeds Lenz as Minister of Federal Treasure.December 14, 1962 - Rolf Dahlgrün (FDP) succeeds Starke as Minister of Finance. Bruno Heck (CDU) succeeds Wuermeling as Minister of Family and Youth Affairs. Hans Lenz (FDP) enters the ministry as Minister of Scientific Research. Rainer Barzel (CDU) succeeds Lemmer as Minister of All-German Affairs. Alois Niederalt (CSU) succeeds Merkatz as Minister of Bundesrat and State Affairs. The Ministry of Nuclear Energy and Water is abolished, and Balke leaves the cabinet.January 9, 1963 - Kai-Uwe von Hassel (CDU) succeeds Strauss as Minister of Defense. 3 pioneers of the European unification commemorative coin[edit] Adenauer in numismaticsAdenauer has left such a legacy behind, that he was the main motive for one of the most recent and famous gold commemorative coin: the Belgian 3 pioneers of the European unification commemorative coin, minted in 2002. The obverse side shows a portrait with the names Robert Schuman, Paul-Henri Spaak and Konrad Adenauer.[edit] References Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:Konrad Adenauer^ Interview with H. Sietz, investigator (German)^ Background history of assassination attempt (German)^ Menachem Begin 'plotted to kill German chancellor' | Special reports | Guardian Unlimited[edit] External linksPolitical officesPreceded byCount Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk(as Leitender Minister)Chancellor of Germany1949–1963Succeeded byLudwig ErhardPreceded byCount Lutz Schwerin von KrosigkFederal Minister of Foreign Affairs1951–1955Succeeded byHeinrich von Brentano di Tremezzov • d • eChancellor of GermanyGerman Empire(1871–1918)Otto von Bismarck · Leo von Caprivi · Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst · Bernhard von Bülow · Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg · Georg Michaelis · Georg von Hertling · Prince Maximilian of Baden Revolutionary Period(1918–1919)Friedrich EbertWeimar Republic(1919–1933)Philipp Scheidemann · Gustav Bauer · Hermann Müller · Konstantin Fehrenbach · Joseph Wirth · Wilhelm Cuno · Gustav Stresemann · Wilhelm Marx · Hans Luther · Wilhelm Marx · Hermann Müller · Heinrich Brüning · Franz von Papen · Kurt von SchleicherThird Reich(1933–1945)Adolf Hitler · Joseph Goebbels · Lutz Graf Schwerin von KrosigkFederal Republic(1949–)Konrad Adenauer · Ludwig Erhard · Kurt Georg Kiesinger · Willy Brandt · Helmut Schmidt · Helmut Kohl · Gerhard Schröder · Angela Merkelv • d • eForeign Ministers of GermanyForeign Minister of Prussia until 1918Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1918)office established 1768 · Hertzberg · Goltz · Hardenberg · Bernstorff · Ancillon · Werther · Maltzan · H. 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Wyatt (1975)Complete roster · 1927–1950 · 1951–1975 · 1976–2000 · 2001–presentPersondataNAMEAdenauer, KonradALTERNATIVE NAMESKonrad Hermann Josef AdenauerSHORT DESCRIPTIONChancellor of GermanyDATE OF BIRTHJanuary 5, 1876(1876-01-05)PLACE OF BIRTHCologne, GermanyDATE OF DEATHApril 19, 1967PLACE OF DEATHBad Honnef[{Category:Prussian politicians]]Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" Categories: 1876 births | 1967 deaths | Chancellors of Germany | Cold War leaders | German anti-communists | German Christian Democratic Union politicians | German Roman Catholics | Government ministers of Germany | Karlspreis Recipients | Members of the German Bundestag | Members of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany | Members of the Prussian House of Lords | Members of the Zentrale Dombauverein zu Köln von 1842 | People from Cologne | People from the Rhine Province | Time magazine Persons of the Year | University of Freiburg alumni | University of Munich alumni | University of Bonn alumni | Walhalla enshrineesHidden category: Articles needing additional references from June 2007 Views Article Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Log in / create account if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help Toolbox What links here Related changesUpload fileSpecial pages Printable version Permanent linkCite this page Languages العربية Boarisch Bosanski Български Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk (bokmål) Norsk (nynorsk) Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ/tojikī Türkçe Українська اردو 中文   This page was last modified on 20 July 2008, at 08:07. 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