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Title: Ethnicity/The Americas/Indigenous/Native Americans/People/Sacagawea - Woman Spirit Biography of the Shoshoni guide Sacajawea.
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Woman Spirit - Sacajawea - Shoshoni
By Julia White
Sacajawea (Boat Launcher) or Sacagawea (Bird Woman) - Shoshoni
 The
Shoshoni (also Shoshone) lived in Idaho, parts of Utah and parts of Northern
Nevada, and it is believed that Sacajawea was born in Eastern Idaho in
what is now Salmon, Idaho. Everything about Sacajawea is mysterious from
the correct spelling and meaning of her name, to the circumstances surrounding
her death. Some of what we do have recorded is relayed here.
At about age 10, Sacajawea was captured by a raiding band of Hidatsa
and carried to their camp near the border of North Dakota. Eventually,
Sacajawea was sold to a French-Canadian fur trader named Toussaint Charbonneau.
The Corps of Discovery (as the Lewis and Clark Expedition was officially
named) had camped for the winter at Fort Mandan in North Dakota, which
is where Charbonneau was also spending the winter with his pregnant wife,
Sacajawea.
When winter broke, Charbonneau was hired to guide Lewis & Clark
due to his knowledge of the country where he trapped. He was specifically
instructed to bring Sacajawea, with her baby boy Jean Baptiste, for a number
of reasons. First of all, the presence of a woman and baby would establish
the peaceful nature of the party. Secondly a Native translator and negotiator
with knowledge of the languages, customs and tribes of the country was
essential.
While Lewis' journals make very little mention of Sacajawea, Clark
carefully detailed her contributions to the success of the journey. Her
knowledge of the terrain and mountain passes saved weeks of travel time.
Her ability to speak and negotiate with Native tribes allowed the expedition
to keep fresh horses and food all along the way. When food was scarce,
Sacajawea gathered and prepared roots, nuts, berries and other edible plants
in order to provide tasty nourishment.
Clark was so taken with Sacajawea, and so concerned about her welfare
at the hands of the abusive and wife-beating Charbonneau, that he proposed
taking the infant boy to St. Louis to be raised in safety. For her efforts
in making the expedition successful, Lewis & Clark named a river "Sacajawea"
in her honor.
From here, history becomes cloudy. It is known that Sacajawea did
take her son to Clark in St. Louis (as promised) where he was raised as
Clark's own. She did leave Charbonneau and spend time in St. Louis. One
account says that she died of "putrid fever" (smallpox, tuberculosis, scarlet
fever??) at age 25, and even Clark's account of the members of his expedition
mark her as dead.
Native accounts, however, especially Shoshoni oral history, have
Sacajawea marrying several more times, having a number of children, and
meeting up with her son Jean Baptiste in Wind River, Wyoming. This woman
(called Porivo) had intimate knowledge of the Lewis & Clark expedition,
spoke French, wore a Jefferson Medal around her neck, was a political speaker
who spoke at the meeting which led to the Ft. Bridger Treaty, was credited
with introducing the Sun Dance Ceremony to the Shoshoni, and was an advocate
of agriculture as a necessary skill for the Shoshoni. Porivo died at age
96, and was buried in the white cemetery at Ft. Washakie as a final show
of respect for her efforts in behalf of both Lewis & Clark, and her
own people.
Dr. Charles Eastman, who had been hired by the Bureau of Indian Affairs
to locate Sacajawea, opted for the Native history as being the most accurate.
After extensive research, Eastman determined that Porivo was, indeed, Sacajawea
and a monument was erected in her honor at her gravesite. However, Sacajawea's
story will change depending upon the account you're reading, the part of
the country you're in, and the heritage of the author of the story. After
the passage of so much time, it is unlikely that her movements after she
left St. Louis will ever be known with certainty.
What is known with certainty is that Sacajawea was responsible for
raising the Native American woman to a new level of respect and admiration.
Painting: Indian Princess by Anthony
Gruerio
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