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Title: History/By Time Period/Middle Ages/Byzantine Empire/Famous People - The Reign of Justinian, 527-565 The Emperor responsible for the transition of the Empire from Eastern Roman to Byzantine. Lectures in Medieval History, by Lynn Harry Nelson, Emeritus Professor of Medieval History, The University of

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The Reign of Justinian, 527-565| Lectures in Medieval History

The Reign of Justinian, 527-565

The reign of Justinian was an extremely significant period. It marked thefinal end of the Roman empire; the establishment of the new, Byzantineempire; the beginning of Western Europe's unique position within thecivilizations of the Old World; and made possible the spread of Islam andthe rise of the Franks. Although this lecture concentrates on the roleplayed by the Gothic Wars in Justinian's reign, there is a great deal moreto be known about this remarkable man and about Theodora, his evenmore remarkable wife. Procopius, a prominent historian of Justinian's timehas left a Secret History of those days, a book which is rather scandalous andmay even be true [Map of the Mediterranean world in530]

Map of the Mediterranean World in 5301. The empire was united under the Eastern emperor in theory, Justiniantried to make it so in fact. His armies invaded the Vandal, Ostrogothic,and Visigothic kingdoms in turn, and, in a series of bitter wars(540-554), reconquered much of the Mediterranean lands of the West. At thetime, it seemed as if he had very little choice in the matter. In theoryat least, the Germanic kings ruled as viceroys of the Eastern emperors.There was a difficult problem in that the Germans were Arians, practicingand preaching a form of Christianity considered heretical by theestablished Roman Church. The Vandals were the most zealous of theArians and were quick to seize orthodox churches in order to convertthem into Arian places of worship. The Vandals were so few in numberthat they resorted to terror in order to keep their subjects in order.The Vandalic kingdom became a police state in which orthodox Christians were striped of property, rights, and even freedom and life. When adelegation of orthodox Christians from Africa appealed to Justinian tofulfill his role as defender of the faith, he decided that the time had come to resolve the peculiar situation and bring the West back underreal Roman control.But the Westerners did not want a return of Roman taxation, Roman justice,and imperial interference in their affairs. Consequently, even the Romaninhabitants of some areas joined their German overlords in attempting tofight back the eastern armies determined to restore a situation that manypeople simply did not want to see restored. The Easterners did not want towaste money defending these western conquests and were impoverished by thecost of these wars. One should note, however that even when he was sendingtribute in gold to the Persians and spending immense sums in the GothicWars, Justinian still had enough money to embark on an unprecedentedbuilding program. Justinian's dreams of conquest have long ago beenforgotten by most people. What he is remembered for it the magnificent Church of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia, mistakenly called St. Sophy) that stilldominates the skyline of Istanbul, the former Constantinople, and hisproject of collecting and codifying the scattered laws, imperialedicts, decisions of the early Roman Senate, and opinions of learnedjurists and organizing them into a written law code. Centuries later, this code, The Corpus Iuris Civilis was "rediscovered" in the West andsparked the growth of a legal profession that established the bases formany of the modern world's systems of justice and law. [Map of the Mediterraneanworld in 565]

Map of the Mediterranean World in 565When Justinian died in 565 and new invaders entered the west, the easternempire did very little to stop them. Neither westerners nor easterners hadany further interest in restoring the empire.2. Although committed to the idea of a Roman empire, Justinian recognizedthat his realms were basically Greek and that the imperial administrationwould be more effective, if the fact were recognized. Once the governmentstopped forcing the use of the Latin language and Roman institutions uponits people, the Eastern empire rapidly became more Eastern in its customs andoutlook.3. In the course of the sixth century, the other classical civilizationsrecovered from the barbarians the lands they had lost in the fifth. The Suidynasty of China reunited North and South China by 589, the Persiansrecovered the Iranian plateau by 557; and by 606, Harsha has established anew Indian empire. Only in the Mediterranean did the wars of reconquest fail.Western Europe was the only part of a classical empire to fall permanentlyunder barbarian control. The continuity of imperial institutions was brokenonly in Western Europe. It was the only area to begin an independentdevelopment. [Map of the Mediterranean world in 600]

Map of the Mediterranean World in 6004. During his Western wars, Justinian had bought peace with the Persiansthrough regular payments of gold. This sort of policy is almost always amistake, and Justinian's adoption of it was a disaster. While theByzantines poured out money, men and materiel in their Western wars, thePersians sat back and allowed Byzantine bullion to swell their treasury.The Eastern empire was steadily drained of coinage and its economy beganto falter. The government had to become more and more aggressive incollecting taxes from a economically exhausted people, and the oppressedtaxpayers - who saw no benefits coming from the emperor's Westernconquests - became deeply resentful. The Persians recognized that theEastern empire had been badly weakened by the Gothic Wars, and attackedthe empire soon after Justinian's death in 565, before the empire had hada chance to recover from its exertions. The Persians managed to devastateand/or occupy much of the Byzantine empire until the emperor Heracliusturned the tide of battle against them. In a brilliant action, he took whattroops he could gather and, leaving the Persians besieging Constantinople,he went by sea to Syria and marched overland to capture the virtuallyundefended Persian capitals of Persepolis and Ctesiphon. By 632, theByzantines were triumphant, but both the Persian and Byzantine peoples andeconomies were exhausted and were quite unready to fight the confident anddedicated Muslim armies who soon appeared on their frontiers.Heraclius' subjects had been oppressed by both religious and politicalregimentation as well as a ruinous burden of taxes. Many welcomed the tolerant Muslims, with their light taxes, as liberators and quicklyconverted to Islam.5. Justinian's reconquests in the west were not permanent, but hisdestruction or weakening of the most sophisticated and highly-romanized ofthe Germanic invaders was. The Ostrogothic and Vandal states were eliminatedand the power of the Visigothic kingdom greatly diminished. The onlyculturally advanced German tribe left untouched were the Burgundians, and they were too few innumber to exercise any real power.Justinian's abortive "Reconquest" had left the Franks as the most powerfulforce in the West. This left the direction of Western affairs in the hands ofthose people least able to maintain Roman traditions. Only the Frankishalliance with the Church of Rome preserved some measure of continuity withEurope's classical past.6. ConclusionWe often view history as a series of "achievements," and think that greatmen and women control the course of events. In the case of Justinian, theview may be partly true. The results of his decisions were crucial in thedevelopment of Western Europe. One might well argue that the Middle Ageswould never have happened had it not been for Justinian. But it was notbecause of his "achievements," but because of his failures that historyturned out the way that it did. His ill- conceived western venture led toa clear split between the Westerners and the Eastern Romans; hisabandonment of the Latin language as the language of government andadministrations made that division permanent, and so he failed to reunitethe Roman empire as the leaders of the other classical civilizations haddone for their empires. He weakened the Eastern empire and strengthenedthe Persians, setting a stage for a devastating war that weakened theEastern empire to such an extent that it could not effectively resist thespread of Islam. Finally, he overthrew those Western Germanic governmentsthat were committed to attempting to preserve as much of the Romanimperial civilization as possible. And this led, indirectly, to the riseof the medieval Church.RETURN TO THE MEDIEVAL HISTORY LECTURE INDEX Lynn Harry NelsonEmeritus Professor ofMedieval HistoryThe University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas Hosted at WWW Virtual Library @ www.vlib.us

The	Emperor	responsible	for
the	transition	of	the	Empire
from	Eastern	Roman	to	Byzantine.
Lectures	in	Medieval	History,	by
Lynn	Harry	Nelson,	Emeritus	Professor
of	Medieval	History,	The	University
of

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The Reign of Justinian, 527-565 2008 October

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The Emperor responsible for the transition of the Empire from Eastern Roman to Byzantine. Lectures in Medieval History, by Lynn Harry Nelson, Emeritus Professor of Medieval History, The University of

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