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  PreviousVolume 341:1892-1898December 16, 1999Number 25Next Risk Factors for Injury to Women from Domestic Violence Demetrios N. Kyriacou, M.D., Ph.D., Deirdre Anglin, M.D., M.P.H., Ellen Taliaferro, M.D., Susan Stone, M.D., M.P.H., Toni Tubb, M.D., Judith A. Linden, M.D., Robert Muelleman, M.D., Erik Barton, M.D., and Jess F. Kraus, Ph.D., M.P.H.     Full Text PDF  Letters  Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited  PubMed Citation ABSTRACTBackground Domestic violence is the most common cause of nonfatal injury to women in the United States. To identify risk factors for such injuries, we examined the socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics of women who were victims of domestic violence and the men who injured them. Methods We conducted a case–control study at eight large, university-affiliated emergency departments. The 256 intentionally injured women had acute injuries resulting from a physical assault by a male partner. The 659 controls were women treated for other conditions in the emergency department. Information was collected with a standardized questionnaire; no information was obtained directly from the male partners. Results The 256 intentionally injured women had a total of 434 contusions and abrasions, 89 lacerations, and 41 fractures and dislocations. In a multivariate analysis, the characteristics of the partners that were most closely associated with an increased risk of inflicting injury as a result of domestic violence were alcohol abuse (adjusted relative risk, 3.6; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.2 to 5.9); drug use (adjusted relative risk, 3.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.0 to 6.4); intermittent employment (adjusted relative risk, 3.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 8.8); recent unemployment (adjusted relative risk, 2.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 6.5); having less than a high-school education (adjusted relative risk, 2.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 4.4); and being a former husband, estranged husband, or former boyfriend (adjusted relative risk, 3.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 8.3). Conclusions Women at greatest risk for injury from domestic violence include those with male partners who abuse alcohol or use drugs, are unemployed or intermittently employed, have less than a high-school education, and are former husbands, estranged husbands, or former boyfriends of the women. Source InformationFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View–UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, Calif. (D.N.K.); the Southern California Injury Prevention Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles (D.N.K., J.F.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles (D.A.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (E.T.); Emergency Medical Services, New York University–Bellevue Hospital, New York (S.S.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (T.T.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston (J.A.L.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Truman Medical Center, Kansas City, Mo. (R.M.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (E.B.). Address reprint requests to Dr. Anglin at the Department of Emergency Medicine, Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center, Rm. 1011, 1200 N. State St., Los Angeles, CA 90033. Full Text of this Article Related Letters: Domestic Violence Zalar R. W., Harris R. B., Kyriacou D. N., Anglin D., Minow M. Extract | Full Text N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1450-1453, May 11, 2000. Correspondence This article has been cited by other articles: Bhandari, M., Sprague, S., Tornetta, P. III, D'Aurora, V., Schemitsch, E., Shearer, H., Brink, O., Mathews, D., Dosanjh, S., on Behalf of the Violence Against Women Health Res, (2008). (Mis)Perceptions About Intimate Partner Violence in Women Presenting for Orthopaedic Care: A Survey of Canadian Orthopaedic Surgeons. JBJS 90: 1590-1597 [Abstract] [Full Text] Simmons, C. A., Lehmann, P., Cobb, N. (2008). Women Arrested for Partner Violence and Substance Use: An Exploration of Discrepancies in the Literature. J Interpers Violence 23: 707-727 [Abstract] Buttell, F. P., Carney, M. M. (2008). A Large Sample Investigation of Batterer Intervention Program Attrition: Evaluating the Impact of State Program Standards. Research on Social Work Practice 18: 177-188 [Abstract] Lipsky, S., Caetano, R. (2007). The Role of Race/Ethnicity in the Relationship Between Emergency Department Use and Intimate Partner Violence: Findings From the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Am. J. Public Health 97: 2246-2252 [Abstract] [Full Text] Parker, G., Lee, C. (2007). Relationships Among Abuse Characteristics, Coping Strategies, and Abused Women's Psychological Health A Path Model. J Interpers Violence 22: 1184-1198 [Abstract] Campbell, J. C., Glass, N., Sharps, P. W., Laughon, K., Bloom, T. (2007). Intimate Partner Homicide: Review and Implications of Research and Policy. Trauma Violence Abuse 8: 246-269 [Abstract] Banks, M. E. (2007). Overlooked But Critical: Traumatic Brain Injury as a Consequence of Interpersonal Violence. Trauma Violence Abuse 8: 290-298 [Abstract] Thompson, M. P., Kingree, J. B. (2006). The Roles of Victim and Perpetrator Alcohol Use in Intimate Partner Violence Outcomes. J Interpers Violence 21: 163-177 [Abstract] Hovell, M. F., Seid, A. G., Liles, S. (2006). Evaluation of a Police and Social Services Domestic Violence Program: Empirical Evidence Needed to Inform Public Health Policies. Violence Against Women 12: 137-159 [Abstract] Buttell, F. P., Carney, M. M. (2004). A Multidimensional Assessment of a Batterer Treatment Program: an Alert to a Problem?. Research on Social Work Practice 14: 93-101 [Abstract] Sundaram, V, Helweg-Larsen, K, Laursen, B, Bjerregaard, P (2004). Physical violence, self rated health, and morbidity: is gender significant for victimisation?. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 58: 65-70 [Abstract] [Full Text] Boyle, A, Robinson, S, Atkinson, P (2004). Domestic violence in emergency medicine patients. Emerg. Med. J. 21: 9-13 [Abstract] [Full Text] Buttell, F. P., Pike, C. K. (2003). Investigating the Differential Effectiveness of a Batterer Treatment Program on Outcomes for African American and Caucasian Batterers. Research on Social Work Practice 13: 675-692 [Abstract] Rhodes, K. V., Levinson, W. (2003). Interventions for Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: Clinical Applications. JAMA 289: 601-605 [Abstract] [Full Text] Cwikel, J., Lev-Wiesel, R., Al-Krenawi, A. (2003). The Physical and Psychosocial Health of Bedouin Arab Women of the Negev Area of Israel: The Impact of High Fertility and Pervasive Domestic Violence. Violence Against Women 9: 240-257 [Abstract] Lee, R. K., Thompson, V. L. S., Mechanic, M. B. (2002). Intimate Partner Violence and Women of Color: A Call for Innovations. Am. J. Public Health 92: 530-534 [Abstract] [Full Text] BURKE, J. G., GIELEN, A. C., McDONNELL, K. A., O'CAMPO, P., MAMAN, S. (2001). The Process of Ending Abuse in Intimate Relationships: A Qualitative Exploration of the Transtheoretical Model. Violence Against Women 7: 1144-1163 [Abstract] Ellsberg, M C, Winkvist, A, Pena, R, Stenlund, H (2001). Women's strategic responses to violence in Nicaragua. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 55: 547-555 [Abstract] [Full Text] Lown, E. A., Vega, W. A. (2001). Intimate Partner Violence and Health: Self-Assessed Health, Chronic Health, and Somatic Symptoms Among Mexican American Women. Psychosom. Med. 63: 352-360 [Abstract] [Full Text] Champion, J. D., Shain, R. N., Piper, J., Perdue, S. T. (2001). Sexual Abuse and Sexual Risk Behaviors of Minority Women with Sexually Transmitted Diseases. West J Nurs Res 23: 241-254 [Abstract] Vidhani, K., Parr, M. (2001). The role of recreational drugs in trauma. Trauma 3: 25-31 [Abstract] Walsh, J. M.E., Dolan, N. C., Charney, P. (2000). Update in Women's Health. ANN INTERN MED 133: 808-814 [Full Text] Zalar, R. W., Harris, R. B., Kyriacou, D. N., Anglin, D., Minow, M. (2000). Domestic Violence. NEJM 342: 1450-1453 [Full Text] Minow, M. (1999). Violence against Women -- A Challenge to the Supreme Court. 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