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Title: Philosophy/History of Philosophy/Ancient/Neoplatonism - Bryn Mawr Classical Review 95.11.03 Bolton, Robert: Person, Soul and Identity. A Neoplatonic Account of the Principle of Personality. Detailed review.
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Bryn Mawr Classical Review 95.11.03 BrynMawr Classical Review 95.11.03 Robert Bolton, Person, Soul and Identity. ANeoplatonic Account of the Principle of Personality. Washington: Minerva Press, 1994. Pp. xxxi + 279. ISBN 1-85863-101-7. Reviewed by Lloyd P. Gerson,Philosophy, University of Toronto (gerson@epas.utoronto.ca). The term "Neoplatonism" was invented in the 18th century by a Germanhistorian to indicate a putative development within Greek philosophy. Thefounder of Neoplatonism is supposed to be Plotinus, although the obviousfact that the roots of Plotinus' philosophy go back to Plato has led onedistinguished scholar to speak only half-jokingly of Plato's Neoplatonism.Between Plotinus and the official closing of Plato's Academy in Athens bythe Emperor Justinian in 529 pagan Greek philosophers produced anenormously rich and complex body of technical literature on a wide rangeof problems. These philosophers basically thought of themselves asfollowers of Plato and not innovators. And it was from among the versionsof Platonism that flourished then that Christianity drew to provide thephilosophical basis for the new, non-Hellenic religion. Owing to itscomplexity, obscurity, its association with Christianity, and perhaps thefaintly pejorative connotation of the label "Neo," Neoplatonism is not ingood repute among philosophers today. Many of those who have devoted theirentire professional lives to the study of ancient Greek philosophy -- andnot only in the capacity of scholars and exegetes -- evince eitheroutrightcontempt or total lack of interest in what was in fact the dominant schoolof philosophy for about 400 years. In the area of classical scholarship,things are changing rapidly. Work on Neoplatonic texts is burgeoning andalmost nowhere in need of self-justification. But in philosophy mattersare somewhat different. It is still the case that any contemporaryphilosopher who actually takes seriously Neoplatonic ideas is liable to besentenced to the Island of Eccentricity or worse, the Asylum for theTheologically Gullible. Robert Bolton's book is among the smallnumber ofworks that actually takes seriously Neoplatonic ideas regarding the natureof human persons as a contribution to contemporary debates. The first twochapters of the book sketch Platonic and Plotinian ideas on soul/bodydualism, how the person is to be (qualifiedly) identical with the soul,and the connection between self-knowledge and knowledge of a substantialself. The third through fifth chapters follows these ideas as they aredeveloped in St. Augustine, Leibniz, and John Locke. The last threechapters touch on a number of related issues including embodiment,consciousness, immortality, and mystical experience. As the author stateshis main thesis, "the concept of personal identity which is developed hereis that of a unitary causal principle, of which the empirical person isthe manifestation (xxx)." What this means is that the self is a spiritualor immaterial substance and the embodied person comprises a family ofsuccessive representations of the ideal. Thus, the crude parodies ofsoul/body dualism miss the mark. Both Plotinus and Plato wished instead todevelop a dualism of ideal discarnate self and empirical incarnate self, adualism which can accommodate the obvious organic unity of human personswithout thereby leaving inexplicable personal identity. According toNeoplatonism, personal development is a process of accommodating oneselfto one's own true nature. The historical side of the book isdisappointingon Plato and Plotinus and rather more interesting on Augustine andLeibniz. In all fairness, the issues with which Bolton is concerned areinextricably bound up with Plato's and Plotinus' entire philosophies andno short chapters could do justice to them. Nevertheless, the conventionsof critical scholarship are not observed. Greek words are printed withoutaccents or breathings. A blanket reference to Iamblichus' On theMysteries without precise chapter or line numbers in support of aclaim about Neoplatonism is just not acceptable. In the chapter onPlotinus there are many, many relevant texts that are simply ignored.There is also a crucial mistranslation of Plato's Phaedo 79d1on page 110 (oddly enough, corrected without comment on page 135) thatmakes Plato say what only the later tradition says explicitly, namely,that the soul can reflect on itself. And so on. There is, however, a gooddiscussion of the Augustinian source of Descartes' cogitoargument and a stimulating treatment of the Neoplatonic basis forLeibnizian monads in spiritual selves. The philosophical orsystematicside of the book is, unfortunately, quite unsatisfactory. There is apersistent and distressing lack of analytic precision in the expression ofclaims and an all too cavalier attitude toward argument. Many striking andeven insightful statements are made by the author without the slightestattempt to give non question-begging reasons why anyone should believethem. The lack of philosophical sophistication shown here is, alas, justthe sort of thing that leads even fair minded philosophers to throw uptheir hands in despair when they are asked to consider whatNeoplatonically-inspired authors are saying. The principal error, one towhich those with considerable imaginative power are especiallysusceptible, is to confuse the possible with the actual. What criticalreaders want to see is argument that would support the claim that theviews about the human person expressed here are in fact true and notmerely fanciful. Having made these highly critical remarks, I feelcompelled to add that this is in some ways an engaging and even admirablebook. The author clearly possesses a lively and independent mind. He isrefreshingly ingenuous. I can easily imagine that this book will inspiresome readers to go back to the Neoplatonic authors themselves or toreexamine their own uncritical beliefs about the nature of the humanperson. It is not, however, a book that is likely to carry much weighteither with scholars or with English-speaking philosophers.
 

Bolton,

Robert:

Person,

Soul

and

Identity.

A

Neoplatonic

Account

of

the

Principle

of

Personality.

Detailed

review.

http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1995/95.11.03.html

Bryn Mawr Classical Review 95.11.03 2008 October

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Bolton, Robert: Person, Soul and Identity. A Neoplatonic Account of the Principle of Personality. Detailed review.

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