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Title: Ethnicity/The Americas/Indigenous/Native Americans/Tribes, Nations and Bands/A/Abenaki - Four Directions Institute: Abenaki Tribal profile, timeline, and links.
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FDI - Abenaki
FOUR
DIRECTIONS INSTITUTE
Abenaki
Ethnie:
ABENAKI
Language:
Abenaki
Family:
Eastern Algonquian
Stock:
Algonquian
Phylum:
Algic
Macro-Culture:
Eastern Woodlands
Speakers
20 (1991 M. Krauss)
The Abenaki were a woodland hunter/ farmer confederacy who's tradition
states that they migrated from the southwest of their arrival location.
They ranged throughout southwestern Maine into Vermont and New
Hampshire. Early contact was with the British, but the tribe was
missionized and allied with the French.
A large Abenaki Confedereation was formed as early as 1679 as a military
organization resulting in the tribe participating in numerous conflicts
on both the side of the French and British and suffering great losses
over the years. The only recognized Abenaki reside in Quebec
though most of the tribe live in Vermont.
Aboriginal Locations:
Subdivisions (Villages)
ME Amaseconti,
Arosagunacook, Norrigewock, Ossipee, Pequawket, Rocameca, Sokoki,
Wawenoc (29)
VT Missiassik
(1)
Present Locations
MA Cowasuck Band of
PennacooAbenaki People, Franklin
RQ Abenakis of
Becancour, Becancour
Odanak,
Odanak
VT St. Francois/Sokoki
Band of Abenakis of Vermont, Swanton
Year
History
1497
European fishing
boats soon began fishing at Grand Bank off of the coast of Maine soon
after the visit of Sebastian Cabot
1524
Giovanni da Verrazano
also explored the area
1607
Unsuccessful attempt
by the Plymouth Company to establish a colony on the Kennebec River
1614
Captain James Smith
met Abenaki when he explored and mapped the coast of northern New
England
1616
Epidemic
1619
Epidemic (75%
depopulation over two epidemics)
1628
Mohawk attacked
Western Abenaki
1633
Smallpox epidemic
1637
Abenaki received
first firearms
1646
Beginning of French
trading missions to the Abenaki
1647
Eastern Abenaki
attacked by Mohawk
1650
Mohawk once again
began attacking Western Abenaki and other Algonquian tribes
1675
Few Abenaki
participated in King Philip's War
1676
Many Abenaki
retreated to Quebec
1679
Abenaki returned to
Maine
1688
Outbreak of war
between Britain and France; Abenaki turned on New England colonists
1699
Abenaki promised to
remain neutral by treaty
1701
Queen Ann's War;
Abenaki raids resumed
1726
War in Maine ended
with defeat of Eastern Abenaki and a peace treaty; Canadian Abenaki at
Wolinak and St. Francois to agreed to peace with New England
1727
Grey Lock was absent
from the treaty signed at Montreal but a long peace soon ensued
1730
Smallpox epidemic
forced the abandonment of Missisquoi
1731
Missisquoi reoccupied
1744
King George's War
(1744-48) between Britain and France, peace ended, Abenaki and Sokoki
supported the French, the Cowasuck and Eastern Abenaki removed toward
Canada, a few St. Francois and Pigwacket found refuge near Boston with
the English
1746
At least 35 Abenaki
and Sokoki war parties attacked the frontier
1748
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle;
complete peace took two or more years
1750
Pigwacket disappear
from record
1754
The murder of two of
Abenaki hunters by New Englanders brought retaliatory raids against the
New England
1755
French and Indian
War (1755-63)
1757
Abenaki and Sokoki
warriors participated in Montcalm's campaign in northern New York
1759
Rangers commanded by
Major Robert Rogers attacked and burned St. Francois, 30 probably killed
though 200 claimed
1761
Abenaki scattered in
small groups as settlers claimed their land
1776
St. Francois were
divided but some helped the Americans attack Boston and provided guides
for Benedict Arnold's failed expedition against Quebec
1781
Some Abenaki served
with the British and raided Maine's Androscoggin Valley
1812
War of 1812, last
conflict participated in by the Abenaki on British side
Year
Total
Population
NH
ME
RQ
VT
Source
1600
3,000
Mooney estimate; there seems to be a consensus that
earlier populations were significantly greater, but the several
estimates of more than 20,000 seem excessive since it would result in by
far the most dense pre-Columbian population in the United States and
Canada (later adherents to the Abenaki Confederation excluded from this
analysis)
1617
5,000
Tolstaga
1700
5,200
700
2,900
400
1,200
NAHDB calculation
1760
700
1,200
Abenaki Nation
1800
1,000
100
300
400
200
NAHDB calculation
1884
Official
1900
1,200
800
400
NAHDB calculation
1900
22
798
5
Census
1903
395
St. Francis Records
1923
280
St. Francis Records
2000
4,000
1,800
2,200
NAHDB calculation
2003
Nationmaster
2005
4,400
1,900
2,500
Arrostook Micmac
Other speakers of
the same language:
Pennacook, Penobscot
Abenaki Sites:
Abbe Museum
http://www.abbemuseum.org/wabanaki.html
Abenaki http://www.snowwowl.com/peopleabenaki.html
Abenaki
http://www.invitationproject.ca/cgi-win/quilt.exe?LISTING=1000
Abenaki Artworks
http://www.abenakiartworks.mb.ca/
Abenaki Authors http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/t125
Abenaki Basket
http://www.memorialhall.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp?itemid=5485
Abenaki Basket http://www.vermonthistory.org/precious/basket.htm
Abenaki Baskets
http://www.abenakibaskets.com/
Abenaki Creation Story
http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Legends/AbenakiCreationStoryandTheImportanceofDreaming-Abenaki.html
Abenaki Emergence Myth
http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Legends/AbenakiEmergenceMyth-Abenaki.html
Abenaki Ethnography
http://www.wackyfarm.com/pennacook/ethno.html
Abenaki Flag
http://users.aol.com/donh523/navapage/abenaki.htm
Abenaki History http://www.tolatsga.org/aben.html
Abenaki History and Culture Menu
http://www.avcnet.org/ne-do-ba/menu_his.shtml
Abenaki Indian Fact Sheet http://www.geocities.com/bigorrin/abenaki_kids.htm
Abenaki Indian Involvement in the American
Revolution http://www.history1700s.com/page1606.shtml
Abenaki Indians of Canada http://www.aaanativearts.com/article899.html
Abenaki Language http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=ABE
Abenaki Language http://www.native-languages.org/abenaki.htm
Abenaki Language Preservation
http://www.abenakilanguage.org/
Abenaki Linguistic Lineage http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_lang_family.asp?code=ABE
Abenaki Nation http://www.abenakination.org/
Abenaki Nation Recognition Bill
Advances http://www.indianz.com/News/2005/008121.asp
Abenaki Recognition
http://www.wcax.com/Global/story.asp?S=4732846
Abenakis http://www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/nativeamericans/abenakis.htm
Abenaki Today http://personalweb.smcvt.edu/winooskimills/Abenaki/AbenakiToday.htm
Abenaki Warrior http://www.abenakiwarrior.com/message.htm
Abnaki
http://www.nativeamericans.com/Abnaki.htm
Abnaki, Abenaki ...
http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/abenaki.htm
Abnaki History
http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/abenaki/abenakihist3.htm
Abnaki-Penobscot Language http://www.language-museum.com/a/abnaki-penobscot.php
Blue Wolf's Web Site http://bluewolf.8k.com/
Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook-Abenaki
People http://www.cowasuck.org/pageone.cfm
Dummer's War a.k.a. Lovewell's
War http://www.usahistory.com/wars/lovewell.htm
ELNU Tribe of the Abenaki
http://www.elnuabenakitribe.org/
Groton Indian raid of 1964 ... http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3837/is_200207/ai_n9087218
In the Old Time Wabnaki http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art28310.asp
Koasek (Cowsuck) Traditional Band of the
Abenaki
http://www.cowasuckabenaki.org/index.htm
Miingignoti-Keteaoag http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/9118/gkis.html
Native Americans in Vermont: The
Abenaki http://www.flowofhistory.org/themes/movement_settlement/abenaki.php
Northeastern Woodlands Culture and
Ethnobotany
http://www.fourdir.com/northeastern_woodlands_culture.htm
Odanak Village, Quebec http://www.kateritekakwitha.org/kateri/odanak1.htm
People of the Dawn http://www.avcnet.org/ne-do-ba/wa_04.html
Philip, Abenaki Indian Chief http://www.northlandjournal.com/stories2.html
Rule of Law and Wabanaki Sovereignty http://sisis.nativeweb.org/mk/wabanaki.html
Saint Francis Mission http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13348a.htm
St. Francis Indians ... Western Abenaki
http://www.aaanativearts.com/article900.html
Wabanaki Center
http://www.naps.umaine.edu/Wab_Home.html
Wabanaki Confedeeracy Languages
http://www.native-languages.org/wabanaki.htm
Wabnaki Authors http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/t322
Waban-Aki Nation http://www.abenakis.ca/english/index.html
White Birch Wigwam
http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/whiteb.html
Who Were the Abenaki Indians? http://scsc.essortment.com/abenakinewengl_rmru.htm
Last updated 09/10/07 Copyright ©
2007 by Four
Directions Press
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