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Military Funeral Customs - Arlington National Cemetery
Military
Funeral Customs
DRAPING
THE CASKET WITH THE
NATIONAL
FLAG:
This
custom began during the Napoleonic Wars (1796-1815). The dead carried from
the field of battle on a caisson were covered with a flag. When the U.S.
flag covers the casket, it is placed so the union blue field is at the
head and over the left shoulder. It is not placed in the grave and is not
allowed to touch the ground.
FLAGS
FOR MILITARY FUNERALS:
Flags
are provided for burial services of service members and veterans. The flag
for one who dies on active duty is provided by one's branch of service.
Flags for other veterans are provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs.
The flag is presented to the next of kin at the end of the funeral, usually
by the military chaplain. If there is no next of kin present, the flag
may be presented to the veteran's close friend or associate if requested.
The flags that have draped the caskets of the Unknown Soldiers are on display
in the Memorial Display Room of the Memorial Amphitheater.
PRACTICE
OF FIRING CANNON SALUTES:
The
custom of firing cannon salutes originated in the British Navy. When a
cannon was fired, it partially disarmed the ship. Therefore, firing a cannon
in salute symbolizes respect and trust. Click here for information
on the Order of Arms of Cannon Salutes
PRACTICE
OF FIRING THREE RIFLE
VOLLEYS
OVER THE GRAVE:
This
practice originated in the old custom of halting the fighting to remove
the dead from the battlefield. Once each army had cleared its dead, it
would fire three volleys to indicate that the dead had been cared for and
that they were ready to go back to the fight. The fact that the firing
party consists of seven riflemen, firing three volleys does not constitute
a 21-gun salute.
21-GUN
SALUTE:
All
personal salutes may be traced to the prevailing use in earlier days to
ensure that the saluter placed himself in an unarmed position. Salute by
gunfire is a most-ancient ceremony. The British for years compelled weaker
nations to make the first salute, but in time international practice compelled
"Gun for Gun" in the principle of an equality of nations.
In
the earliest days, seven guns was a recognized British National Salute.
Those early regulations stated that, although a ship could fire only seven
guns, the forts could fire for honors three shots to one shot afloat. In
that day powder of sodium nitrate was easier to keep on shore than at sea.
In time, when the quality of gun powder improved by the use of potassium
nitrate, the sea salute was made equal to the shore salute -- 21 guns as
the highest national honor. Although for a period of time, monarchies received
more guns than republics, eventually republics claimed equality.
There
was much confusion caused by the varying customs of maritime states, but
finally the British government proposed to the United States a regulation
that provided for "Salute to be Returned Gun for Gun." The British at that
time officially considered the international salute to be 21 guns and the
United States adopted the 21-gun and "Gun for Gun Return" August 17, 1875.
Previous to that time, our national salute was one gun for each state.
The practice was also a result of usage -- John Paul Jones saluted France
with 13 guns (one for each state) at Quiberon Bay when the Stars and Stripes
received its first salute. This practice was not authorized until 1810.
By
the admission of states to the Union, the salute reached 21 guns by 1818.
In 1841, the national salute was reduced to 21 guns. In fact, the 1875
adoption of the British suggestion because a formal announcement that the
United States recognized 21 guns as an international salute.
"TAPS":
"Taps"
is an American call, composed by the Union Army's Brigadier General Daniel
Butterfield while in camp at Harrison's Landing, Virginia, in 1862. Butterfield
wrote the call to replace the earlier "Tattoo" (lights out), which he thought
too formal. The call soon became known as "Taps" because it was often tapped
out on a drum in the absence of a bugler. Before the year was out, sounding
Taps became the practice in both Northern and Southern camps. The call
was officially adopted by the U.S. Army in 1874.
Colonel
James
A. Moss, in his Officer's Manual first published in 1911, gives this
account of the initial use of Taps at a military funeral:
"During
the Peninsular Campaign in 1862, a soldier of Tidball's Battery A of the
2nd Artillery was buried at a time when the battery occupied an advanced
position concealed in the woods. It was unsafe to fire the customary three
volleys over the grave, on account of the proximity of the enemy, and it
occurred to Capt. Tidball that the sounding of Taps would be the most appropriate
ceremony that could be substituted. The custom, thus originated, was taken
up throughout the Army of the Potomac and finally confirmed by orders."
Click
Here For More Information About "Taps"
Courtesy of the Military
District of Washington
             
      
Updated: 24 May 2003
Webmaster: Michael
Robert Patterson
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