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FDI - Delaware
FOUR
DIRECTIONS INSTITUTE
Delaware
Ethnie:
DELAWARE
Languages:
Munsee, Unami, Unilatchtigo
Family:
Eastern Algonquian
Stock:
Algonquian
Phylum:
Algic
Macro-Culture:
Eastern Woodlands
Speakers
None
The
Delaware were a sedentary hunter/ farmer language family. They occupied
all of New Jersey, the western end of Long Island, all of Manhattan and
Staten Islands, southeastern New York west of the Hudson, and parts of
eastern Pennsylvania and northern Delaware. The Unami lived in the
northwestern portion of their territory and the Unlatchtigo, the southern.
The Munsee occupied the intermediate territory. Conflicts with Whites and
neighbor nations forced several relocations and resulted in large
reductions in population. They ultimately settled in several locations.
Aboriginal Locations: Subdivisions (Subtribes)
DE Unilatchtigo (11)
NJ Munsee,
Unilatchtigo, Unami (10)
NY Munsee, Unami (11)
PA Unilatchtigo (5)
Present Locations
OK Delaware Indian
Tribe of Western Oklahoma, Anadarko
Delaware (Lenape) Indian Tribe of Oklahoma, Bartlesville
ON Delaware of Grand
River
Muncee Delaware Nation, Muncey
Munsee Delaware Nation 1
WI
Stockbridge-Munsee Reservation, Bowler
Year
History
1524
Giovanni da
Verrazano entered New York harbor through the strait which bears his name
1609
Henry Hudson
explored Delaware Bay
1613
Dutch opened their
first trading post (Fort Nassau) on Castle Island just south of Albany
1617
Dutch abandoned Fort
Nassau due to war with Mahican and Mohawk
1624
Dutch brought 30
families to the area and built a new post (Fort Orange) at Albany
1625
Pieter Minuit,
governor of New Netherlands, purchased Manhattan from the Metoac tribe [?]
and built Fort Amsterdam
1626
Unami and Unalactigo
attacked by the smaller Susquehannock driving them into New Jersey and
Delaware
1628
Several of the
northern Munsee groups were conquered by the Mohawk and forced to pay
tribute
1629
Dutch purchased land
on Delaware Bay from the Unalactigo
1631
Dutch purchased a
second parcel at Cape May (southeast New Jersey) and started a small
settlement (Swanendael); a Dutch colonist killed a Lenape sachem, and the
Sickoneysinck retaliated by killing all of the 32 Dutch colonists
1635
Smallpox epidemics
(1635-1638)
1638
Swedes arrived on
lower Delaware River; the fighting had ended
1639
Dutch governor Kieft
demanded and received a tribute of corn from a Unami village
1640
Kieft attacked
Raritan Unami on Staten Island with 100 men in retaliation for stolen pigs
(likely actually stolen by other Dutch) killing severral Raritan and
taking a sachem hostage; "Pig War" Raritan retaliated by burning a
plantation and killing four field hands
1643
Wappinger War
(Governor Kieft's War, 1643-45).a number of Delaware tribes while the
English aided the Dutch
1645
Peace signed at Fort
Orange
1651
Dutch purchased
Lenape land from the Susquehannock; Susquehannock war with the Mohawk
dragged the Delaware into the conflict
1654
Smallpox epidemics
(1654-1657)
1655
Dutch captured New
Sweden; peace ensued
1659
First Esopus War
(1659-60), Esopus attacked the Dutch settlements in the Esopus Valley,
prisoners were burned alive, and the colonists besieged for three weeks;
tribe retreated to the mountains after the arrival of 200 men
1660
Dutch destroyed the
Esopus fort near Wiltmeet; captured men sold a slaves in Carribean
1663
Esopus attacked
Dutch settlements (Second Esopus War 1663-64) killing 24 and taking 45
captives at Wiltwyck
1664
Combined Seneca and
Mohawk attack destroyed several Munsee villages killing hundreds until the
Esopus made peace with the Dutch; English fleet captured New Amsterdam
1666
Connecticut Puritans
founded Newark and began expanding into New Jersey; Unilatchtigo had been
absorbed by the Unami
1673
Lenape sold some of
their northern New Jersey lands to the English
1675
Iroquois defeated
the Susquehannock resulting in the Delaware becoming part of the "Covenant
Chain"
1677
Iroquois allowed the
Munsee to sell large tracts of land to French Huguenots
1682
Charles II granted
Pennsylvania to a religious dissenter, William Penn
1732
All that remained of
the Lenape homeland was a small part of New Jersey and the Lehigh Valley
(Allentown) in northeast Pennsylvania
1737
Pennsylvania
authorities "found" the infamous Walking Purchase agreement, a treaty
supposedly signed in 1686 in which the Lenape ceded the land between the
junction of Delaware and Lehigh Rivers as far west as a man could walk in
a day and a half (about 40 miles
1740
Most of the Munsee
moved west to Pennsylvania's Wyoming Valley where Moravian missionaries
began work among them
1742
Iroquois evicted the
Unami from their lands and forced them to move west; angered by the
Walking Purchase and Iroquois insults, small groups of Delaware also left
the Susquehanna, without Iroquois permission
1751
Delaware had split
into two groups: those in the west along the upper Ohio River; and the
Munsee and about one-third of the Unami who had remained on the upper
Susquehanna or the Wyoming Valley in the east.
1754
Pennsylvania seized
and hanged a Delaware-Shawnee delegation sent to protest the Iroquois sale
of Ohio; Delaware and Shawnee attacks on the Pennsylvania, Maryland and
Virginia frontiers followed
1755
Munsee attacked the
Moravian mission at Gnadenhuetten (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) massacring 11
missionaries; the Delaware and their allies began attacking the frontiers
of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York; colonial militia under Colonel
John Armstrong attacked and burned the principal Delaware village of
Kittaning on the Allegheny River, most escaped
1757
Munsee raided Orange
and Duchess Counties in New York and the frontier in northern New Jersey
1758
Munsee attacked
Walpack, New Jersey; Second Treaty of Easton provided for payments for the
Munsee and Pompton lands taken by New Jersey without compensation; a 3,000
acre reservation at Brotherton
1759
Fort Pitt Treaty,
the Delaware were holding more than 600 white prisoners at a Caughnawaga
(Christian Iroquois) village on the Ohio River, almost half of the white
captives refused repatriation and stayed with the Delaware and Shawnee
1761
Delaware Prophet,
Neolin (The Enlightened) from a village near the Ohio River, rged the
rejection of the white man's trade goods (especially rum) and a return to
traditional native culture and values; his teachings gained a large
following among the Delaware and Pontiac of the Ottawa
1763
Ottawa were French
allies, Pontiac's acceptance of Neolin's new religion provided a basis for
the Delaware, Shawnee and Mingo to unite with the tribes of the French
alliance against the British in what has been called the Pontiac
Conspiracy; the rebellion captured nine of the twelve British forts west
of the Appalachians; Delaware, Shawnee, and Mingo surrounded Fort Pitt
cutting if off from the outside world and then attacked the Pennsylvania
frontier killing 600 colonists; tribes at Fort Pitt given smallpox laden
blankets [?] starting epidemic; a bloody two-day battle at Bushy Run just
east of Pittsburgh, Colonel Henry Bouquet defeated a Delaware, Shawnee,
and Mingo ambush and reached Fort Pitt; settlers burned a Delaware village
in Wyoming Valley; a Delaware party then killed 26 colonists near
Allentown; 140 Christian Delaware were confine to a warehouse for more
than a year with 56 dying of smallpox
1764
Preliminary peace
treaty at Presque Isle (Erie, PA); the British rejected the treaty until
Delaware and Shawnee signed a peace with the British at Coshocton and
released the 200 white prisoners they were holding; the last of the
Pennsylvania Delaware left for Ohio
1771
Delaware obtained
permission from the Miami to settle in Indiana
1772
Moravian
missionaries followed 400 of their Delaware converts to Ohio and
built three missions along the Tuscarawas and Muskingum Rivers
1774
Delaware chief Bald
Eagle was ambushed by vigilantes, scalped, and his body placed upright in
a sitting position in his canoe to float down the river to his tribesmen
1775
Traditional Delaware
had accepted the Moravian villages as equal members
1777
Treaty at Fort Pitt
between Delaware and United States
1779
General John
Sullivan's campaign against the Iroquois in which Munsee villages were
also destroyed, and they retreated to southern Ontario; when the war
ended, most stayed in Canada and did not return to the United States
1780
Most of the Delaware
had joined British Captain Pipe at Pluggys Town; the only neutral Delaware
were the Moravians; Pennsylvania volunteers from Washington County,
Pennsylvania commanded by Colonel David Williamson decided to execute the
Moravian Delaware in two slaughter houses where 90 Christian
Delaware - 29 men, 27 women, and 34 children - were taken inside in small
groups and beaten to death with wooden mallets; Colonel William Crawford
was burned at the stake to atone for the Gnadenhuetten Massacre
1783
Delaware moved most
of their villages in east-central Ohio to northwestern Ohio and southern
Indiana; the British formed an alliance to keep the Americans out of Ohio
including Delaware, Miami, Wyandot, Iroquois, Kickapoo, Fox, Sauk,
Shawnee, Ottawa, Ojibwe, Chickamauga (Cherokee), and Potawatomi
1784
Some of the Delaware
and Shawnee peace factions separated from the militants and moved to Ste.
Genevieve, Missouri in Spanish Louisiana
1785
Delaware, Ojibwe,
Ottawa and Wyandot signed the Treaty of Fort McIntosh acknowledging
American sovereignty in Ohio; Fort McIntosh Treaty did not receive the
approval of the majority of the Delaware, and as a result, Captain Pipe
was replaced by Big Cat; fighting resumed
1790
Moravian Delaware
left Ohio for southern Ontario
1792
Established
Moravians of the Thames
1793
Baron de Carondelet,
the Spanish governor of Louisiana, made a formal land grant (25 miles
square) at Cape Girardeau to the Missouri Shawnee and Delaware
1795
Fort Greenville
Treaty ceded all of Ohio except the northwest corner and left the Delaware
without land, with the exception of Captain Pipe's small band on the upper
Sandusky; others relocated to present Muncie on Miami land
1803
Delaware ceded part
of their land in southern Indiana
1806
Tenskwatawa, the
Shawnee prophet, denounced all who disagreed with him as witches and began
having them killed including a large number of Delaware, particularly
Christian converts
1808
William Anderson (Kecklawhenund)
became Delaware chief and was opposed to Tecumseh and the Prophet
1813
Moravians of the
Thames village burned down by the American Army; Harrison moved the
Delaware from Indiana to Piqua, Ohio
1814
Delaware returned to
Indiana from Piqua where they were joined by a group of Stockbridge from
New York
1815
Most of the Cape
Girardeau Delaware and Shawnee (Absentee Delaware and Shawnee) had left
for Texas where they were welcomed by Spanish government as a defense
against Comanche raiders
1818
St. Marys Treaty
ceded their Indiana lands and they agreed to move west of the Mississippi
1822
The Brothertons sold
their remaining lands in New York and moved to a reservation established
for the Oneida near Green Bay
1824
Delaware hunting
party was attacked by Osage in Missouri
1826
Delaware and
Kickapoo united against the Osage after a raid
1829
Ohio Delaware ceded
their reserve and agreed to join the Delaware west of the Mississippi;
Delaware on the James Fork agree to exchange their Missouri lands for a
new reserve in northeast Kansas just north of the Shawnee to find that
much of the land belonged to the Pawnee
1831
Delaware hunting
party on the plains was attacked by Pawnee warriors
1832
Pawnee attacked
another Delaware hunting party killing a chief; the Delaware burned the
main Pawnee village on the Republican River; Ohio Delaware joined the
other Delaware in Kansas
1835
Delaware hunting
party killed 12 Pawnee they caught trying to steal their horses
1837
Two groups of
Moravian Munsee also left their reserve in southern Ontario and emigrated
to Kansas; eighty-seven Delaware enlisted in the American army and served
in the Seminole War
1841
Delaware hunting
party attacked: by Santee Sioux near Des Moines, Iowa
1843
Sold some Kansas
land to the Wyandot; Absentee Delaware (Red River Delaware) were moved to
a reservation with the Caddo and Tonkawa on the upper Brazos River, Texas
1845
Delaware hunting
party attacked by Sioux and Cheyenne on the Smokey Hill River in Kansas
1850
Delaware, Shawnee
and Kickapoo oined the Potawatomi during a brief war between the emigrant
tribes
1852
Delaware hunting
party attacked by Sioux on the upper Platte
1854
Munsee chose to join
the Swan Creek and Black River bands of the Ojibwe near Ottawa, Kansas
1856
A separate reserve
was created for the Stockbridge, Brotherton, and Munsee on land purchased
from the Menominee in Wisconsin
1859
Much of Ottawa,
Kansas lands lost to allotment; many Muncee returned to Canada
1860
Delaware signed the
Treaty of Sarcoxieville agreeing to allot their remaining lands
1861
170 of the 200
able-bodied Delaware men of military ages served in the Union Army, mainly
in the 6th and 15th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry
1862
Kansas Delaware and
Shawnee attacked the Wichita Agency in southern Oklahoma which had been
seized by the Confederates forcing the Tonkawa who lived there to return
to Texas
1863
Kansas legislature
called for the removal of all Indians from Kansas
1866
Delaware ceded their
remaining lands and most removed to Oklahoma;
1867
Cherokee sold
Delaware Oklahoma land for $280,000 and Delaware would become part of the
Cherokee Nation
1868
Difficult move to
Oklahoma, settled near old enemies the Osage and the Cherokee who fought
on the side of the south in the Civil War
1895
Curtis Act dissolved
tribal governments
1907
Delaware lands were
allotted
1979
BIA terminated the
separate tribal status of the Delaware and Shawnee living among Cherokee
in eastern Oklahoma in favor of the Cherokee Nation
2005
Termination ruling
reversed
Year
Total Pop.
DE
IN
NJ
NY
OH
OK
ON
PA
WI
Source
1600
8,000
Mooney estimate
1700
5,000
1,500
1,300
1,500
700
NAHDB calculation
1800
2,400
1,900
500
NAHDB calculation
1900
1,600
300
600
700
NAHDB calculation
1910
1,600
Census
2000
13,500
10,000
2,000
1,500
NAHDB calculation
2005
13,500
10,000
2,000
1,500
Reservation rolls
Other speakers of
the same language:
None.
Delaware Sites:
Delaware
http://www.nativeamericans.com/Delaware.htm
Delaware
http://www.scsc.k12.ar.us/2002Outwest/NaturalHistory/Projects/LachowskyR/Delaware.htm
Delaware Authors
http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/t150
Delaware History
http://www.tolatsga.org/dela.html
Delaware Indians A Brief History
http://www.hopefarm.com/indians2.htm
Delaware Indian Road
http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~maggieoh/Migrate/merle2.htm
Delaware Indians
http://www.delawareindians.com/delawarehistory.htm
Delaware Indians
http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=584
Delaware Indian Tribes
http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/delaware/
Delaware Language Plaque
http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/tribute/delaware-e.html
Delaware Nation
http://www.delawarenation.com/
Delaware People (Lenape)
http://www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/nativeamericans/delaware.htm
Delaware Treaty History
http://members.tripod.com/~lenapelady/deltreaty1.html
Delaware Tribe of Indians
http://www.delawaretribeofindians.nsn.us/
Delaware Tribe Pursues Bonner Springs Casino
http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2004/mar/18/delaware_tribe_pursues/
Delaware
Tribe seeks land in Kansas for gaming
http://www.indianz.com/IndianGaming/2004/002365.asp
Delaware (Unami/Lenape)
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/delaware.htm
Eastern Algonquin Language Family Tree
http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_family.asp?subid=1733
Gathering of the Delaware Nation
http://www.jersey.net/~standingbear/canpw.htm
Lenape
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape
Lenape (Delaware) Nation
http://www.manataka.org/page246.html
Lenape Indians
http://www.lenapeindians.com/lenape_nations.htm
Lenape Language
http://www.native-languages.org/lenape.htm
Lenape Delaware Indians
http://westjersey.org/wj_len.htm
Lenape Indians
http://www.lenapeindians.com/
Lenape Lore
http://members.tripod.com/~lenapelady/deltribe1.html
Lenape Native Games
http://www.manataka.org/page252.html
Lenape Village at Waterloo Village
http://www.njskylands.com/hslenape.htm
Lenni Lenape Native Americans
http://www.chaddsfordhistory.org/history/lenni.htm
Mirsawokett Indian Community of Delaware
http://www.mitsawokett.com/HeiteReport1.htm
Munsee-Delaware Nation 1, Ontario
http://www.answers.com/topic/munsee-delaware-nation-1-ontario
Musee Indiian Fact Sheet
http://www.geocities.com/bigorrin/munsee_kids.htm
Munsee Indian Language ...
http://www.native-languages.org/munsee.htm
Munsee Indian Tribe
http://www.nanations.com/munsee/index.htm
Munsee Indian Tribe History
http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/delaware/munseeindianhist.htm
Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indian Tribe
http://www.jersey.net/~standingbear/RedDeerNewsletter/index4letter.htm
Native People of New Jersey
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/nj/state/Lenape.htm
Silent Night in Delaware
http://silentnight.web.za/translate/lenape.htm
Southwestern Wyandotte County History
http://members.aol.com/Sftrail/bonner/biog-am.html
Stockbridge-Munsee Authors
http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/t296
Stockbridge-Munsee Community
http://www.mohican.com/
Stockbridge-Munsee History
http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-158.html
Treaty with the Delawares - 1778
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/ntreaty/del1778.htm
Unami Indian Tribal History
http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/delaware/unamihist.htm
Last updated 11/07/07 Copyright ©
2007 by Four
Directions Press
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