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Cesare Beccaria
Cesare Bonesana Marchese di Beccaria, 1738-1794
Milanese official, Enlightenment
philosopher and one of the fathers of utilitarianism.
With Pietro Verri, Beccaria founded the "Societŕ
dei Pugni" in 1761, a discussion group concentrating on public policy and
economics. From 1764 to 1766, the group published the great Enlightenment
journal, Il Caffč, where Beccaria published some of his most famous
pieces. Beccaria was one of the main developers of the Italian
tradition in economics, combining a utilitarian theory of statecraft and a
demand-and-supply theory of value (anticipating the Marginalist
Revolution).
In his 1762 piece, Beccaria argued that the value of goods is in inverse proportion
to their quantity and the number of sellers and in direct proportion of competing buyers,
of the tax, of the labor force and of the importance of transport (a
formula later taken up by Verri). His 1764 piece
was an analysis of the relationship between tariffs and smuggling. Beccaria argued that
higher duties increase the incentive to smuggle, thereby leading to a reduction in tariff
revenue. His Elementi (written in 1769, but published only
in 1804), were very much influenced by Cantillon.
Beccaria's famous 1764 treatise on crime argued that
the punishment of criminals should be assessed according to the amount of damage to
"social welfare", measured in terms of the utilitarian
"greatest happiness
for the greatest number" principle. On this criteria, he
argued against capital punishment and ill-treatment of prisoners. Jeremy Bentham
was very much influenced by Beccaria's work.
Major Works of Cesare Beccaria
Del Disordine e dei rimedi delle Monete, 1762
"Tentativo Analtico sui Contrabbandi", 1764, Il
Caffč
Dei delitti e delle
pene: An Essay on Crimes and Punishment, 1764.
(Italian
edition, French
edition, English
edition, English
extracts, more
extracts)
Ricerche intorno alla natura dello stile, 1771 (French
edition)
Elementi di economia pubblica, 1804 (French
edition)
A
Discourse on Public Economy and Commerce, ??
Resources on Cesare Beccaria
Voltaire's Commentaire sur le Livre des Délits et des Peines
, 1766
Biographical
Profile of Beccaria at Constitution.org
Beccaria Page at
Liber Liber
Beccaria's Theory at
Bartleby
Beccaria page
at Mickelson in Idaho
Beccaria
Page at Florida State
Beccaria
Page at McMaster
Beccaria Page
and Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Beccaria
Page at Akamac
Beccaria
Page at Britannica
Home
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Schools of Thought
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Biography, | portrait, | and | list | of | print | and | online | resources. | | From | the | New | School's | History | of | Economic | Thought. |
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http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/beccaria.htm
Cesare Bonesana Marchese di Beccaria, 1738-1794 2008 August
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Biography, portrait, and list of print and online resources. From the New School's History of Economic Thought.
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