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Henry Sidgwick
Henry Sidgwick, 1838-1900
Henry Sidgwick was born in the year after Queen Victoria took the throne, and
died six months before she died. Perhaps it was a fateful
coincidence. In many ways, Henry Sidgwick was the quintessential
Victorian, the perfect 19th Century English academic.
Educated at Rugby, Sidgwick entered Trinity College, Cambridge,
in 1855. Graduating in Classics and Mathematics in 1859, laden with
prizes, Sidgwick was immediately elected Fellow of Trinity. He was to
remain a teacher at Trinity College until his death. (although he temporarily
lost his fellowship in 1869 over his refusal to make a religious oath; he was
re-elected in 1885).
Throughout the 1860s, he would undertake the study of philosophy, religious
history and ethics. The outcome of his efforts was his famous Methods
of Ethics (1874). Sidgwick was particularly influenced by the thought
of John Stuart Mill. In this famous book, he
attempted to reconcile Mill's utilitarian
philosophy with the "intuitional" (i.e. "duty") theory of
ethics. However, he recognized that one could not, a priori,
reconcile either of these with the principle of self-interest. Sidgwick
also proposed that the appropriate measure of social welfare was average utility
multiplied by the size of the population. This solution was much
applauded by Edgeworth (1877).
Sidgwick then turned to economics. Here, Sidgwick was also a follower of
John Stuart Mill and thus a proponent of the Classical
School of political economy. However, he was quite aware of
the failures of the Wages Fund theorem, the critique of the English
Historicists, and, of course, the Marginalist
Revolution of 1871. In his Principles (1883), Sidgwick was
particularly keen on defending Mill from Jevons's
assault (but not Ricardo, whom Sidgwick painstakingly
distinguished from Mill). Interestingly, Sidgwick was one of the first
economists to
recognize externalities as a source of market failure.
Sidgwick was very much a convivial Cambridge scholar. He joined the
"Apostles", the exclusive Cambridge discussion group and the Grote
Club. He also had struck long and deep friendships with Alfred Marshall,
Francis Edgeworth and Stanley Jevons.
In 1883, Sidgwick was appointed to the Knightsbridge Chair in Philosophy.
Like his hero Mill, Sidgwick was a promoter of women's education (if not
quite outright equality). In 1871, he established a residence for women students
at Cambridge, which, in 1879, finally
became Newnham College in 1880. In 1876, Sidgwick married, Eleanor Mildred
Balfour, the sister of Arthur J. Balfour, the future British Prime Minister (and
ex-Sidgwick student). Eleanor herself became the second principal of Newnham.
Interestingly, Mary Paley, Marshall's future wife, was one of
the college's first
students. Sidgwick's own sister was married to the Archbishop of
Canterbury. Sidgwick was certainly a well-connected man!
A final quirk: always a bit mystically-inclined, Sidgwick was one of the founders and first president (1882-85, 1888-93) of the Society for Psychical Research and a member of Metaphysical
Society.
Major Works of Henry Sidgwick
The
Methods of Ethics, 1874.
"Bentham
and Benthamism in Politics and Ethics", 1877, The Fortnightly Review.
"What is
Money?", 1879, The Fortnightly Review.
"The Wages
Fund Theory", 1879, The Fortnightly Review.
Principles of Political Economy, 1883. (extract: Book III)
The Scope and Method of Economic Science. 1885
Outlines of the History of Ethics for English Readers, 1886
"Economic
Socialism", 1886, Contemporary Review
"The
Morality of Strife", 1890 in Practical Ethics
The Elements of Politics, 1891.
Practical Ethics: A collection of addresses and reviews, 1898.
Philosophy, Its Scope and Relations, 1902
Lectures on the Ethics of T.H. Green, H. Spencer and J. Martineau,
1902
The Development of European Polity, 1903
Miscellaneous Essays and Addresses, 1904
Lectures on the Philosophy of Kant and others, 1905.
Resources on Henry Sidgwick
Methods of
Sidgwick - a Sidgwick Hypertext at University of Texas
Sidgwick
Papers at Trinity College, Cambridge,
UK
Bibliography of H.
Sidgwick from Sidgwick: Works and Correspondence at Past Masters
Sidgwick
entry
at Britannica.com
"Sidgwick's
Three Principles and Hare's Universalizability" by Soshichi Uchii
"Sidgwick on Kant"
by Soshichi Uchii
Henry Sidgwick:
Biographical Notes by M.Okuno
Sidgwick entry at
Bartleby
Sidgwick
Page at McMaster
Sidgwick
Page at Spartacus
Sidgwick page at
Thoemmes Press.
Sidgwick entry at
Utlitarianism.com
Newnham College, Cambridge
Sidgwick page
(in German)
Henry Sidgwick
Seminar 2000 at British Academy
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