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Marquis de Condorcet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ Marquis de Condorcet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "Condorcet" redirects here. For other uses, see Condorcet (disambiguation).Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet Marquis de CondorcetBornSeptember 17, 1743Ribemont, AisneDiedMarch 28, 1794Bourg-la-ReineOccupationphilosopher, mathematician, and early political scientistSpouse(s)Sophie de CondorcetMarie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet (September 17, 1743 – March 28, 1794) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist who devised the concept of a Condorcet method. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he advocated a liberal economy, free and equal public education, constitutionalism, and equal rights for women and people of all races. His ideas and writings were said to embody the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment and rationalism, and remain influential to this day. He died a mysterious death in prison after a period of being a fugitive from French Revolutionary authorities.Contents1 Early life2 Early political career3 Condorcet's paradox4 Other works5 French Revolution5.1 Deputy5.2 Arrest and death6 Family7 Condorcet and progress8 See also9 Notes9.1 References10 External links//[edit] Early lifeCondorcet was born in Ribemont, Aisne, and descended from the ancient family of Caritat, who took their title from the town of Condorcet in Dauphiné, of which they were long-time residents. Fatherless at a young age, he was raised by his devoutly religious mother. He was educated at the Jesuit College in Reims and at the Collège de Navarre in Paris, where he quickly showed his intellectual ability, and gained his first public distinctions in mathematics. When he was sixteen, his analytical abilities gained the praise of Jean le Rond d'Alembert and Alexis Clairault; soon, Condorcet would study under d'Alembert.From 1765 to 1774, he focused on science. In 1765, he published his first work on mathematics entitled Essai sur le calcul intégral, which was very well received, launching his career as a respected mathematician. He would go on to publish many more papers, and on February 25, 1769, he was elected to the Académie royale des Sciences (French Royal Academy of Sciences).  Jacques Turgot was Condorcet's mentor and longtime friendIn 1772, he published another paper on integral calculus which was widely hailed as a groundbreaking paper in several domains. Soon after, he met Jacques Turgot, a French economist, and the two became friends. Turgot was to be an administrator under King Louis XV in 1772, and later became Controller-General of Finance under Louis XVI (in 1774).Condorcet was recognized worldwide and worked with such famous scientists as Leonhard Euler and Benjamin Franklin. He soon became an honorary member of many foreign academies and philosophic societies notably in Germany, Imperial Russia, and the United States.[edit] Early political careerIn 1774, Condorcet was appointed Inspector General of the Monnaie de Paris by Turgot. From this point on, Condorcet shifted his focus from the purely mathematical to philosophy and political matters. In the following years, he took up the defense of human rights in general, and of women's and Blacks' rights in particular (an abolitionist, he became active in the Society of the Friends of the Blacks in the 1780s). He supported the ideals embodied by the newly formed United States, and proposed projects of political, administrative and economic reforms intended to transform France.In 1776, Turgot was dismissed as Controller General. Consequently, Condorcet submitted his resignation as Inspector General of the Monnaie, but the request was refused, and he continued serving in this post until 1791. Condorcet later wrote Vie de M. Turgot (1786), a biography which spoke fondly of Turgot and advocated Turgot's economic theories. Condorcet continued to receive prestigious appointments: in 1777, he became Permanent Secretary of the Académie des Sciences, holding the post until the abolition of the Académie in 1793, and in 1782 secretary of the Académie Française.[edit] Condorcet's paradoxIn 1785, Condorcet wrote the Essay on the Application of Analysis to the Probability of Majority Decisions, one of his most important works. This work described several now famous results, including Condorcet's jury theorem, which states that if each member of a voting group is more likely than not to make a correct decision, the probability that the highest vote of the group is the correct decision increases as the number of members of the group increases, and Condorcet's paradox, which shows that majority preferences become intransitive with three or more options—it is possible for a majority to prefer A over B, another majority to prefer B over C, and another majority to prefer C over A, all from the same electorate and same set of ballots.The paper also outlines a generic Condorcet method, designed to simulate pair-wise elections between all candidates in an election. He disagreed strongly with the alternative method of aggregating preferences put forth by Jean-Charles de Borda (based on summed rankings of alternatives). Condorcet was one of the first to systematically apply mathematics in the social sciences.[edit] Other worksIn 1786, Condorcet worked on ideas for the differential and integral calculus, giving a new treatment of infinitesimals - a work which was never printed. In 1789, he published Vie de Voltaire (1789), which agreed with Voltaire in his opposition to the Church. In 1798, Thomas Malthus wrote an An Essay on the Principle of Population partly in response to Condorcet's views on the "perfectibility of society". In 1781, Condorcet wrote a pamphlet, Reflections on Negro Slavery, in which he denounced slavery.[1][edit] French Revolution[edit] DeputyCondorcet took a leading role when the French Revolution swept France in 1789, hoping for a rationalist reconstruction of society, and championed many liberal causes. As a result, in 1791 he was elected as a Paris representative in the Assemblée, and then became the secretary of the Assembly. The institution adopted Condorcet's design for state education system, and he drafted a proposed Bourbon Constitution for the new France. He advocated women's suffrage for the new government, writing an article for Journal de la Société de 1789, and by publishing De l'admission des femmes au droit de cité ("For the Admission to the Rights of Citizenship For Women")in 1790.There were two competing views on which direction France should go, embodied by two political parties: the moderate Girondists, and the more radical Montagnards, led by Maximilien Robespierre, who favored purging France of its royal past (Ancien Régime). Condorcet was quite independent, but still counted many friends in the Girondist party. He presided over the Assembly as the Girondist held the majority, until it was replaced by the National Convention, elected in order to design a new constitution (the French Constitution of 1793), and which abolished the monarchy in favor of the French Republic as a consequence of the Flight to Varennes.At the time of King Louis XVI's trial, the Girondists had, however, lost their majority in the Convention. Condorcet, who opposed the death penalty but still supported the trial itself, spoke out against the execution of the King during the public vote at the Convention. From that moment on, he was usually considered a Girondist. The Montagnards were becoming more and more influential in the Convention as the King's "betrayal" was confirming their theories. One of them, Marie-Jean Hérault de Seychelles, a member, like Condorcet, of the Constitution's Commission, misrepresented many ideas from Condorcet's draft and presented what was called a Montagnard Constitution. Condorcet criticized the new work, and as a result, he was branded a traitor. On October 3, 1793, a warrant was issued for Condorcet's arrest.[edit] Arrest and death Condorcet was symbolically interred in the Panthéon (pictured) in 1989.The warrant forced Condorcet into hiding. He hid for five (or eight) months in the house of Mme. Vernet, on Rue Servandoni, in Paris. It was there that he wrote Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progrès de l'esprit humain (English translation: Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind), which was published posthumously in 1795 and is considered one of the major texts of the Enlightenment and of historical thought. It narrates the history of civilization as one of progress in the sciences, shows the intimate connection between scientific progress and the development of human rights and justice, and outlines the features of a future rational society entirely shaped by scientific knowledge.On March 25, 1794 Condorcet, convinced he was no longer safe, left his hideout and attempted to flee Paris. Two days later he was arrested in Clamart and imprisoned in the Bourg-la-Reine (or, as it was known during the Revolution, Bourg-l'Égalité, "Equality Borough" rather than "Queen's Borough"). Two days after that, he was found dead in his cell. The most widely accepted theory is that his friend, Pierre Jean George Cabanis, gave him a poison which he eventually used. However, some historians believe that he may have been murdered (perhaps because he was too loved and respected to be executed).Condorcet was interred in the Panthéon in 1989, in honor of the bicentennial of the French Revolution and Condorcet's role as a central figure in the Enlightenment. However his coffin was empty : interred in the common cemetery of Bourg-la-Reine, his remains were lost during the nineteenth century.[edit] FamilyIn 1786 Condorcet married Sophie de Grouchy, who was more than twenty years his junior. His wife, reckoned one of the most beautiful women of the day, became an accomplished salon hostess as Madame de Condorcet, and also an accomplished translator of Thomas Paine and Adam Smith. She was erudite, intelligent, and well-educated, fluent in both English and Italian. The marriage was a strong one, and Sophie visited her husband regularly while he remained in hiding. Although she began proceedings for divorce in January 1794, it was at the insistence of Condorcet and Cabanis, who wished to protect their property from expropriation and to provide financially for Sophie and their young child, a daughter Louise Alexandrine, known as Eliza, who had been born in 1790.Condorcet was survived by his widow and their four-year-old daughter Eliza. Sophie died in 1822, never having remarried, and having published all her husband's works between 1801 and 1804. Her work was carried on by their daughter Eliza Condorcet-O'Connor, wife of former United Irishman Arthur O'Connor. The Condorcet-O'Connors brought out a revised edition between 1847 and 1849.[edit] Condorcet and progressCondorcet's writings were a key contribution to the French Enlightenment, particularly his work on the concept of human progress. Previously it had been inconceivable to believe that man could come to understand everything about the natural world. Condorcet believed that through the use of our senses and communication with others, knowledge could be compared and contrasted as a way of analyzing our systems of belief and understanding. None of Condorcet's writings refer a belief in a religion or a god who intervenes in human affairs. Condorcet instead frequently had written of his faith in humanity itself and its ability to progress with the help of ethical philosophers such as Aristotle. Through this accumulation and sharing of knowledge he believed it was possible for any man to comprehend all the known facts of the natural world. The enlightenment of the natural world spurred the desire for enlightenment of the social and political world. Condorcet believed that there was no definition of the perfect human existence and thus believed that the progression of the human race would inevitably continue throughout the course of our existence. He envisioned man as continually progressing toward a perfectly utopian society. However, he stressed that for this to be a possibility man must unify regardless of race, religion, culture or gender.[edit] See also Wikisource has original works written by or about:Marquis de Condorcet Wikimedia Commons has media related to:Marquis de CondorcetLiberalismContributions to liberal theoryThe EnlightenmentCondorcet's jury theoremTransdisciplinarity[edit] Notes^ Bottomore, Tom, Robert Nisbet (1978). A History of Sociological Analysis. Basic Books, p.19. [edit] ReferencesMarie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet, 1743-1794, History of Economic Thought, Department of Economics of the New School for Social Research, retrieved June 02, 2002Condorcet - Notice biographique (in French), Undergrad Courses in Economics, McMaster University, retrieved June 02, 2002Condorcet, MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews, Scotland School of Mathematics and Statistics, retrieved 02 Jun. 2002.K. M. Baker, Condorcet: From Natural Philosophy to Social Mathematics, University of Chicago Press, 1975."Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de." Encyclopædia Britannica. Eleventh edition 1911. Online copy available at 1911encyclopedia.org.Antoine-Nicola de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of The Progress of the Human Mind (Hypevion Press Inc., Westport Connecticut 1955), retrieved 20 February 2007[edit] External linksOutlines of an historical view of the progress of the human mind, 1795 translation into EnglishBiography, New School UniversityBiography, University of BristolBiography, University of Saint AndrewsThe Future Progress of the Human Mind"Condorcet: Male Prophet of Feminism", [(by Jeff Nall)]Preceded byBernard-Joseph SaurinSeat 39Académie française1782–1794Succeeded byGabriel Villarv • d • eSchools of economic thoughtPre-modernAncient schools · Medieval Islamic · ScholasticismEarly modernMercantilism · PhysiocratsModernClassical · French liberal · German historical · English historical · French historical · Utopian · Marxian · State socialism · Ricardian socialism · Christian socialism · Distributism · Anarchist · Institutional · Neoclassical · Lausanne20th centuryStockholm · Keynesian · Austrian · Chicago · Neo-Ricardian · New institutionalRelatedEconomics · History of economic thoughtv • d • eFigures in the Age of Enlightenment by region and country AmericasEnglish-speakingAmericaBenjamin Franklin · David Rittenhouse · John Adams · Thomas Jefferson · James Madison · Thomas PaineLatin AmericaEugenio Espejo · José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi · Servando Teresa de Mier · Francisco de Miranda · Simón Bolívar Central EuropeHoly RomanEmpireChristian Thomasius · Erhard Weigel · Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz · Frederick II · Immanuel Kant · Gotthold Ephraim Lessing · Thomas Abbt · Johann Gottfried von Herder · Adam Weishaupt · Johann Wolfgang von Goethe · J.C.F. von Schiller · Carl Friedrich Gauss · Moses Mendelssohn · Wolfgang Amadeus MozartHungaryFerenc Kazinczy · József Kármán · János Batsányi · Mihály FazekasNetherlandsHugo Grotius · Baruch Spinoza · Franciscus van den EndenPolandStanisław Leszczyński · Stanisław Konarski · Stanisław August Poniatowski · Ignacy Krasicki · Hugo Kołłątaj · Ignacy Potocki · Stanisław Staszic · Jan Śniadecki · Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz · Jędrzej Śniadecki Eastern EuropeGeorgiaSulkhan-Saba Orbeliani · David Bagrationi · Solomon DodashviliGreeceAdamantios Korais · Rigas Feraios · Theophilos KairisRussiaCatherine the Great · Mikhail Lomonosov · Ivan Shuvalov · Ivan Betskoy · Ekaterina Dashkova · Nikolay Novikov · Mikhail Shcherbatov · Alexander RadishchevSerbiaDositej Obradović Great Britain and IrelandEnglandRichard Arkwright · Jeremy Bentham · Daniel Defoe · John Dryden · Henry Fielding · Edward Gibbon · Thomas Hobbes · Samuel Johnson · John Locke · Lord Shaftesbury · Isaac Newton · Thomas Paine · Beilby Porteus · Horace Walpole · John Wilkes · Mary WollstonecraftIrelandGeorge Berkeley · Edmund Burke · Jonathan Swift · John TolandScotlandJoseph Black · James Boswell · Robert Burns · Adam Ferguson · Francis Hutcheson · David Hume · James Hutton · Lord Kames · Lord Monboddo · James Macpherson · Thomas Reid · William Robertson · Adam Smith · Dugald Stewart · George Turnbull · James Watt Latin EuropeFrancePierre Bayle · Fontenelle · Montesquieu · François Quesnay · Voltaire · G.L. 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Feijoo · Charles III · Jorge Juan y Santacilia · Antonio de Ulloa · Count of Floridablanca · Francisco de Goya · Antonio Soler · Félix María de Samaniego · José de Cadalso · Juan Meléndez Valdés · Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa · Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of Aranda ScandinaviaDenmark-NorwayLudvig Holberg · Jens Schielderup Sneedorff · Johann Friedrich Struensee · Eggert ÓlafssonSwedenAnders Chydenius · Peter Forsskål · Gustav III · Arvid Horn · Johan Henric Kellgren · Emanuel Swedenborg Related topicsAtheism · Capitalism · Civil liberties · Critical thinking · Deism · Democracy · Empiricism · Enlightened absolutism · Free markets · Haskalah · Humanism · Liberalism · Natural philosophy · Rationality · Reason · Sapere aude · Science · Secularism · French Encyclopédistes · German ClassicismPersondataNAMECaritat, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas, Marquis de CondorcetALTERNATIVE NAMESSHORT DESCRIPTIONphilosopher, mathematician, and early political scientistDATE OF BIRTHSeptember 17, 1743PLACE OF BIRTHRibemont, AisneDATE OF DEATHMarch 28, 1794PLACE OF DEATHBourg-la-ReineRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" Categories: 1743 births | 1794 deaths | French Legislative Assembly deputies | Atheist philosophers | Deputies to the French National Convention | Enlightenment philosophers | French abolitionists | French biographers | French feminists | French mathematicians | Marquesses of Condorcet | French political scientists | French sociologists | Voting theorists | French atheists | Members of the French Academy of Sciences | Members of the Académie française | People from Picardie | Burials at the Panthéon | Philosophes Views Article Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Log in / create account if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help Toolbox What links here Related changesUpload fileSpecial pages Printable version Permanent linkCite this page Languages Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe   This page was last modified on 14 September 2008, at 02:56. 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