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Title: Philosophy/Ethics/Normative/Social Darwinism - Evolution and Philosophy: Social Darwinism Evolution does not have moral consequences, and does not make cosmic purpose impossible.
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Evolution and Philosophy: Social Darwinism  Evolution and PhilosophyDoes evolution make might right?by John S. Wilkins Our apologies, but you must have JavaScript enabled to view author contact information.Copyright © 1997 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Summary: Evolution does not have moral consequences, and does not make cosmic purpose impossible. Previous  Contents  Next  number of critics see the use ofselection theory in other than biological contexts asforcing malign political and moral commitments. A primeexample of this is sociobiology, which is supposed toresult in such things as eugenics, racism, and the death ofthe welfare state. Sociobiology, and the more recentevolutionary psychology movement, seeks to explain humanbehaviour in terms of the adaptations of human evolution.Gould especially has been vitriolic in his attacks onsociobiological explanations. It is thought by some toresult in a completely selfish ethic known as rationalegoism.Another such view is "Social Darwinism", which holdsthat social policy should allow the weak and unfit to failand die, and that this is not only good policy but morallyright. The only real connection between Darwinism andSocial Darwinism is the name. The real source of SocialDarwinism is Herbert Spencer and the tradition going backto Hobbes via Malthus, not Darwin's own writings, thoughDarwin gained some inspiration on the effects of populationgrowth from Malthus.The claims made by Social Darwinists and their heirssuffer from the ethical fallacy known as "the naturalisticfallacy" (no connection to naturalism in explanations andthe study of knowledge mentioned above). This is theinference from what may be the case to the conclusion thatit is therefore right. However, while it is certainly truethat, for example, some families are prone to sufferdiabetes, as mine is, there is no licence to conclude thatthey should not be treated, any more than the factthat a child has a broken arm from a bicycle accidentimplies that the child should have a broken arm.David Hume long ago showed that "is" does not imply"ought".In fact, diverse political and religious opinionscharacterise social musings based upon evolutionarybiology. For example, the 19th century Russian anarchistaristocrat Pyotr Kropotkin wrote a book called MutualAid [1902, cf Gould1992] in which he argued that evolution results more incooperation than it does in harsh competition. His viewsare echoed in recent use of games theory to show that, insome cases at least, cooperation is a stable strategy forcertain populations to adopt [Axelrod 1984].Evolutionary theory doesn't exclude Purpose from Life,although it does remove the need for purposive design froma lot of the living realm (ie, all but the geneticallyengineered bit of the living realm). This apparentconfusion is resolved if we ask of evolutionary theory twoquestions: one, is there a design evident in the structureof living organisms? Two, is there a universal purpose tolife in general? Science answers No to the first question.Design is not directly evident in living things, althoughthere is a marvellous complexity and adaptivity of life toits environment. To the second question, science of anykind answers: Insufficient Information. That kind ofanswer you get elsewhere - from a personal commitment orreligious belief in some revelation.Previous Contents Next  Home Page | Browse | Search | Feedback | Links The FAQ | Must-Read Files | Index | Creationism | Evolution | Age of the Earth | Flood Geology | Catastrophism | Debates |
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Evolution | does | not | have | moral | consequences, | and | does | not | make | cosmic | purpose | impossible. |
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