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| About site: History/By Time Period/Nineteenth Century/Wars and Conflicts/Napoleonic Wars/Personalities - Louis Nicolas Davout |
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| About site: http://detout.unpeu.free.fr/Davout%20en%20anglais.htm |
Title: History/By Time Period/Nineteenth Century/Wars and Conflicts/Napoleonic Wars/Personalities - Louis Nicolas Davout Concise biography of the "Iron Marshal".
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Because of his prodigious talent for war, he was alsoknown as the "Iron Marshal".Louis Nicolas Davout Marshal of France,ducd'Auerstädt, prince d'Eckmühl. (May10, 1770 – June 1, 1823)He was born at Annoux (Yonne), and joined the French armyas a sub-lieutenant in 1788. On the outbreak of the French Revolution, he embraced itsprinciples. He was chef de bataillon in a volunteer corps in thecampaign of 1792, and distinguished himself at the Battle of Neerwinden thefollowing spring. He had just been promoted to general of brigade when he wasremoved from the active list because of his noble birth. He nevertheless servedin the campaigns of 1794-1797 on the Rhine, and accompanied Desaix in theEgyptian expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte.On his return he took part in the Battle of Marengo underNapoleon, who had great confidence in his abilities, made him a general ofdivision soon after Marengo, and around 1801 gave him a command in the consularguard. At the accession of Napoleon as emperor, Davout was one of the generalswho were created marshals of France. As commander of the III corps of the Grande Armée, Davoutrendered the greatest services. At the Battle of Austerlitz, after a forcedmarch of forty-eight hours, the III corps bore the brunt of the allies' attack.In the Jena campaign Davout with a single corps fought and won the brilliantvictory of Auerstäedt against the main Prussian army.He took part, and added to his renown, in the campaign ofEylau and Friedland. Napoleon left him as governor-general in the grand-duchyof Warsaw when the Treaty of Tilsit put an end to the war (1807), and in 1808created him Duke of Auerstaedt. In the war of 1809 Davout took part in the actionswhich culminated in the Battle of Eckmühl, and also distinguished himself inthe Battle of Wagram. He was created Prince of Eckmühl about this time. He wasentrusted by Napoleon with the task of organizing the "corps ofobservation of the Elbe," which was in reality the gigantic army withwhich the emperor invaded Russia in 1812. In this Davout commanded the I corps,over 70,000 strong, and defeated the Russians at Mohilev before he joined themain army, with which he continued throughout the campaign and the retreat fromMoscow. In 1813 he commanded the Hamburg military district, and defendedHamburg, a city ill fortified and provisioned, and full of disaffection,through a long siege, only surrendering the place on the direct order of KingLouis XVIII after the fall of Napoleon in 1814.Davout's military character has been interpreted as crueland rapacious, and he had to defend himself against many attacks upon hisconduct at Hamburg. He was a stern disciplinarian, who exacted rigid andprecise obedience from his troops, and consequently his corps was moretrustworthy and exact in the performance of its duty than any other. Thus, inthe early days of the Grande Armée, the III corps tended to be entrusted withthe most difficult work. His loyalty and obedience to Napoleon were absolute.He was regarded by his contemporaries as one of the ablest of Napoleon'smarshals. On the first restoration he retired into private life, openlydisplaying his hostility to the Bourbons, and when Napoleon returned from Elba,Davout rejoined him.Appointed minister of war, he reorganized the French armyas far as the limited time available permitted, and he was so indispensable tothe war department that Napoleon kept him at Paris during the Waterloocampaign. To what degree his skill and bravery would have altered the fortunesof the campaign of 1815 can only be surmised, but it has been made a ground ofcriticism against Napoleon that he did not avail himself in the field of theservices of the best general he then possessed. Davout directed the gallant, but hopeless, defence ofParis after Waterloo, and was deprived of his marshalate and his titles at thesecond restoration. When some of his subordinate generals were proscribed, hedemanded to be held responsible for their acts, as executed under his orders,and he endeavoured to prevent the condemnation of Ney. After a time thehostility of the Bourbons towards Davout died away, and he was reconciled tothe monarchy. In 1817 his rank and titles were restored, and in 1819 he becamea member of the chamber of peers.He was elected mayor of Savigny-sur-Orge from 1822 to1823. His son Louis-Napoléon Davout was also mayor of this cityfrom 1843 to 1846. A main square bear their name. |
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Concise | biography | of | the | "Iron | Marshal". |
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http://detout.unpeu.free.fr/Davout%20en%20anglais.htm
Louis Nicolas Davout 2008 October
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