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Title: Philosophy/Philosophers/G/Gettier, Edmund - FOLDOC: Gettier Problem Detailed article by Luciano Floridi from this philosophical database.
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Gettier problem from FOLDOC Gettier problem<epistemology>a type of counterexample to the definition of knowledge asjustified true belief. The first examples of the Gettier problemwere published in 1963 by Edmund Gettier. In that paper,Gettier makes very clear that the tripartite definitionconcerns not knowledge per se, but a knowing subject'sepistemic state:S knows that p iff 1) p is true 2) S believes that p 3) S is justified in believing that pSceptical arguments usually accept (2) and (3) and try toshow that, no matter how one reinforces these two conditions,(1) does not necessarily follow.Gettier-type counterexamples concern (3) and arenot to be confused with sceptical arguments.They show that even if(1) and (2) are granted, one can always prove that S hasmerely guessed that p, since circumstances may be such that(3) only appears to apply, but actually does not, or issatisfied only in a sense too week to be satisfactory. Thisshows that the tripartite definition is incorrect.Suggestions on how to improve it have abunded.Consider the following example, taken from Theory ofKnowledge Course.A teacher has two students, Mr. Nogot and Mr. Havit, inher class. Mr. Nogot seems to be the proud owner of aFerrari (a rare and expensive car). He says he owns one,drives one around, and has papers which state that the carhe drives is his. However, he does not actually own a Ferrari.The teacher, on the basis of this evidence, concludes thatsomeone in her class owns a Ferrari. This is true enough,but only because Mr. Havit, who shows no signs of Ferrariownership, secretly owns one. So, it seems that the threeconditions (truth, belief and justification) of knowledgehave been met, but that there is no knowledge.Another example of a Gettier case can be developed from anexample concerning whether an executive's secretary is inhis office. Suppose that she looked into the office and saw,sitting behind the desk, a figure who looked to her exactlylike her secretary. We may suppose that she would be completelyjustified in accepting that her secretary is in his office.However, it may be that the person sitting at the desk isher secretary's identical twin brother. The real secretaryis hiding behind the desk, waiting to leap up and surpriseher. So it is true that the secretary is in the office, theexecutive accepts that it is true, and she is completelyjustified in so accepting that he is.A third example, very simple, is provided by a broken watch.Suppose it is 3.15 pm and that my watch stopped workingyesterday exactly at 3.15 pm. Suppose that checking the timeon my watch has always been a very reliable and hencestrongly justification-affording procedure inthe past. I wish to know what the time is and I check mywatch. Do I know that it is 3.15 pm? Of course not,I am just extremely lucky, although the procedurefollowed is reliable by hypothesis, and my belief that itis 3.15 pm is true.Gettier counterexample are easy to construct by maintainingbut decoupling the justification of p from the truth of p.This can happen whenever p is, or refers to, an empirical(i.e. contingent) fact. In mathematical knowledge, where pis a theorem and its justification is a logical proof, not"Gettierisation" seems possible.Luciano Floridi <luciano.floridi@philosophy.ox.ac.uk><2001-03-16>Try this search on OneLook / GoogleNearby terms: genus and differentia « Gersonides Levi ben Gershom « Gettier Edmund « Gettier problem » Geulincx Arnold » Ghazali, al-Ghazali Abu Hamid Muhammad » Gilligan Carol |
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Detailed | article | by | Luciano | Floridi | from | this | philosophical | database. |
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http://www.swif.uniba.it/lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?Gettier+problem
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Detailed article by Luciano Floridi from this philosophical database.
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