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Tan American Community Forum
Tan Americans of Natirah Ancestry
Welcome to Natirah Online
Natirah (na-Tee-rah) online is the voice of the Tan American community and the Natirah Heritage Council in cyberspace.
The Tan community and the Natirah Heritage Council (NHC) are proud to announce that Natirah, a new ethnic term derived acronymically from Native Tan Inter-Racial American Humankind, was adopted in 1992 as a replacement designation for the outdated Mulatto term. Natirah, an "identity of reconstruction", is now the official designation for the ancestry of native hybrids of color, a people previously known as Mulattoes (Quadroons, Octoroons, Mestizoes and Triracials). The creation of the native hybrid's new identity and the restoration of their heritage and history were initiated by The TIRAH Society and a small group of bilineal descendants of Triracial and Mestizo families that originated in colonial Virginia nearly three centuries ago. Natirah was designed to affirm the native hybrid's status as an original New World People, to recapture their life space and to cultivate their past traditions and customs.
The color tan was chosen as a group characteristic because of its naturalness, its variability, its aesthetic quality and its relatedness to traditional standards used for classifying other racial groups. Furthermore, the Tan identity signals a return to the native hybrid's "triphasic" concept of hybridity, genomic diversity and natural selection (allelic destiny). Tannest will bring an end to the native hybrid's long history of having an inappropriate identity and introduce a new era of classificatory relevance for all hybrid people. More importantly, Tan clearly reflects the native hybrid's narrowly defined physical character and symbolizes a range of tastes, predilections and sympathies that have been associated with native hybrids of color for over two centuries.
The Natirah heritage is not part of a movement for advancing social change or a sociopolitical agenda but a vehicle for restoring the integrity of the Mulatto group under the Tan American banner. It is important to note that Natirah was designed specifically for native hybrids born before the civil rights era and for hybrids living in "Triracial/Mestizo" communities (racial isolates) that have been intact since the turn of the 18th century. It is also optional for phenotypically apparent hybrids of color from the post "Loving vs Virginia" era. The NHC is well aware that some native hybrids would prefer to be recognized as Indians and others have found happiness with a "tripartite identity" such as Indian, Black and White or more recently as multiracial. This is their right and Tan Americans respect their choices. Nevertheless, the Natirah heritage is best suited for those native hybrids who have always seen themselves as non-reducible humankinds.
Despite the fact that Tan Americans are widely dispersed throughout the nation in "communities without walls", digital technology will soon make it possible for all Native Tans to be next door neighbors. Tan children will never again have to question their identity or grow up feeling isolated and all alone. Their Tan families, friends and community will be as close as their computer or their school library. Cyberspace is the Tan American's new bridge into the future.
In the coming months Congress will approve guidelines for the 2000 census and rule on H.R. 830, a bill before the House of Representatives that establishes a multiracial category on all government forms requesting information on race and ethnicity. The outcome of the above rulings is extremely important to the NHC and the Tan community which is hoping to regain recognition as an independent racial group under the OMB's Directive No.15. An unexpected challenge from the Native Tans has placed Congress in the position of having to decide which of the nation's hybrid groups, the native hybrids of the past (Tan Americans) or the neo-hybrids of the post "Loving v Virginia" era (multiracials), should have a new category to represent their racial identity. To complicate matters the multiracial designation has been declared extremely offensive to Tan Americans because it was part of a sociopolitical vocabulary that stigmatized Mulattos as "mongrels", spurious, evil, physically disabled, dysgenic, mentally deranged and morally unfit during the first half of this century, and is still associated with many painful memories. Tan Americans will always oppose the use of any racial designation that trivializes the hybrid's identity or reduces the hybrid's humanity to a level below that of other racial groups. It is also important to note that the continued use of the "one drop" rule to exclude Tan Americans from the census process is not only unconstitutional, discriminatory and antidemitic but creates a special disability for Tan Americans of Natirah ancestry because of their color, race and circumstances of origin in the New World.
The Natirah Heritage Council is extremely grateful to the hundreds of Native Tans who have helped in the restoration process by sending news articles, titles of books, oral stories, recipes and family photos over the last five years. We welcome your continued support. However, it is important to note that just having a new identity and a reconstructed history is not enough. Even greater challenges lie ahead. Tan Americans of Natirah ancestry must now take their rightful places in society and accept total responsibility for who they are and their new ethnic destiny.
Information concerning the Natirah heritage, registration or personal involvement in the restoration process: e-mail Natirah@aol.com (Attn: Santee)
For additional information on the Natirahs, visit... http://hometown.aol.com/tanrace/page/index.htm
http://www.tanamerican.com
History of the Natirah People
The following page is an independent road map for Tan American students to follow in search of their roots and their ancestor's forgotten history. It is also a worksite for advancing research and exchanging information on the history,culture and demise of Native Tan Americans (formerly known as Mulattoes).
Jamestown Virginia:
The Nation's First Racially Diverse Community....
consisted of Dominicans, Moors, Hispanics, Indians, Africans and Europeans. Spanish Moors landed in the Dominican Republic in 1501. The Powhatan Indians were derivatives of the first Asians to migrate to the New World10,000 years ago.
New World's First Interracial Marriage:
Pocahontas and John Rolfe in 1614. The Rolfes had one son, Thomas Rolfe. Today, the Natirah people recognize Pocahontas as the matriarch of America's hybrid people of color. Ironically, the British memorialized Pocahontas and her son, Thomas, by naming two of the top of the line thoroughbreds after them in 1837.(Encyclopeadia Britannica 15th Edition, p.1098).
First People of Color to Land in Colonial Virginia in 1619 Were Indentured Servants from the Dominican Republic.
The Muster Rolls of the Settlements in Virginia (1624-25).
Twenty-three people of color listed as indentured servants.
Birth of Virginia's First Black/White Hybrid in 1640.
Role Played By the Church in Overseeing the Welfare of Hybrid People During the Colonial Period (Jamestown Church). Review the role of the church (fundamentalism) in racial matters during the 19th century and early 20th century.
Tan Perspective on the Origins of the Mulattoes in Colonial Virginia Before the Start of Slavery.
The "racial isolates" of the western frontier of Virginia (Blue Ridge Mountains) first appeared around the 1680s. This area is known today as Amherst County and descendants of some of the original isolates of color still live in this community. This area is also one of the oldest natural "racial islands" in the nation.
Virginia's First "Racial Island" and the evolution of Racial Isolates.
The "Founder Effect" - Blue Ridge Mountains ( Southern Appalachia). A new Tan subgroup, Appalachianoids (also known as "triracial isolates").
Virginia's First Antimiscegenation Law in 1691. There were also 350 free people of color reported in the Virginia colony at this time.
Virginia Introduced Mulatto Term in 1705: An "Identity of Extinction".
First used as a designation for Indian and hybrid slaves in the State of Virginia.
Classificatory Conversion: All Indians and Native Hybrids Were Classified as Mulattoes in 1788 by Virginia. First U.S. census in1790.
Removal of Mulattoes from Dominican Republic to U.S. in 1803.
This removal occurred after the war between Dominicans and Hiatians. Mulattoes relocated in New Orleans.
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: Love Affair or Eugenics?
An American Tradition That Has Survived for 383 Years. Revisiting the long term effects of diversity as advanced by Jefferson and other "signers" of the Constitution. Tribal diversity (multicultural), a strategy adopted by slave traders, helped Jefferson to maintain a stable slave population and to advance his special interest in reproductive biology (miscegenation). Did Jefferson's eugenic fantasy, a notion held by many leaders of the pre-Darwin era, develop into long range plans for advancing "genomic diversity" and racial amalgamation between free Mulattoes and Black slaves and Indians and Whites? Has "genomic diversity"today become a tool for erasing the memory of slavery and assimilating Blacks into mainstream America? Will the millennium bring support for the continued use of the Jeffersonian plan (eugenics) through the genocidal "one drop" rule and multiracialism? Take a look at Jefferson's views on preferred racial admixtures (Indian/White) and disparaging remarks about the Black race. Read "Notes on the State of Virginia". Is it possible that Sally Hemings was of Indian/White descent and not Black? Explore the reason why Sally Hemings named her first son Madison Hemings. What was the ancestry of Madison's wife? Would it be more appropriate for Sally Hemings' descendants to be buried with her rather than make a public spectacle of a past slave related affair? This misplaced energy over a burial site could be better utilized in helping to define Natirah's future as a free and protected group of people. After all Jefferson was only human and an elected official of his time.
Removal of Mulattoes/Free Blacks to Sierra Leone in 1820 Under the Watchful Eye of the American Colonization Society.
Idea conceived by Sameul J. Mills and Dr. Robert Finley in Princeton , N.J.. Supporters were Bushrod Washington, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Randolph and Pres. James Monroe.
"Cotton Gin" Sends Free Mulattoes from the Upper South to the Delta as Slaves.
Nat Turner: An Excuse for Literary Denigration of Mulattoes by America's Most Noted Authors.
Demonization of the Mulatto through myth. "The Confessions of Nat Turner" by William Stryron is an example which was followed by "Birth of A Nation". This type of propaganda demonstrates the phylopathic manifestations of "projection" and scapegoating. The Mulatto male was the primary target.
The Great Removal of Indians to Oklahoma Between 1834 and 1839 and the Escape of Many Cherokees to the Blue Ridge Mountains.
Mulatto Landowners and Tax Payers Before the 1850s.
Revisiting "Uncle Tom's Cabin.
The Civil War...please read"The Forgotten Cause of the Civil War": A New Look at the Slavery Issue by Lawrence R. Tenzer, 1997.
Mulatto Society and Culture Between 1860 and 1930.
St.Paul, MN, Washington, D.C. and New Orleans and other areas.
Read the "Aristocrats of Color" by Willard B. Gatewood, 1990.
Significant Contributions of Mulattoes/Triracials to Black Culture.
Read "Black Society" by Gerri Majors, 1976.
FAQ: Why are Tan Americans (Natirahs) being encouraged to read about Black society?
Ans: It is important for all Natirahs to read about and see the beginning stages of the amalgamation process within the minority community. It also helps to demonstrate how the master eugenic plan under the influence of the"one drop" rule and the duplicitous leadership of DuBois were able to transform native hybrids of color into Black Americans. DuBois clearly understood the principles of "genetic" and "cultural drift" (trait diffusion) and the far reaching effects of proximity. The above noted book is well-written and has a wide range of photos reflecting the families and lifestyles of past generations of Mulattos. This book is worth purchasing. Also read "Our Kind of People": Inside America's Black Upper Class (postmodern America) by Lawrence O. Graham, 1998.
"Plessy v Ferguson": Separate But Equal Doctrine (1896).
Homer Plessy, an Octoroon from New Orleans. Did Plessy and his local sponsors fail to learn from history and contribute to the introduction of Jim Crowism and Virginia's "Racial Integrity Law" of 1924 ("one drop" rule)?
For insight into "Plessy v Ferguson" read "Shades of Freedom" by A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., 1996.
New Orleans and Its People: The Creoles at the Turn of the Century.
Jelly Roll Morton and The Creation of Jazz in New Orleans.
Read "The Many Shades of Racism", Star Tribune Dec. 7/1994. Article by Butch Thompson reviews "Jelly's Last Jam".
Francis Galton's Statistical Methods and Twin Studies. Galton Applied Religious Significance to Eugenics. Twin Studies in Minnesota during the 1980s.
St.Louis World's Fair of 1904 (Louisiana Purchase Exposition) and Its Anthropology Display of Humans (under the direction of Wm. J. McGee).
Rediscovery of Mendelian Genetics: A Defining Moment in Race Science.
Theodore Roosevelt and "Americanization".
Roosevelt was the only president with a sociology background and was responsible for bringing Havelock Ellis to the United States. Roosevelt was also a strong supporter of eugenics.
Contributions of Karl Pearson to Biometry and Eugenics and His Impact on American Science at the Turn of the Century.
Robert E. Park (University of Chicago) was the first to introduce biometry into the field of sociology. Park also coined the term human "ecology".
Introduction of "Race-Regeneration" and Eugenics in America: A Process Imported from London in 1905.
Major players were Havelock Ellis, Harry H. Laughlin and Charles Davenport. Recommended reading list: "The Eugenic Assault on America": Scenes in Red, White, and Black" by J. David Smith;
Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee and Carnegie Connection.
Racial Toxins: A Threat To "Racial-Purity" Initiative of the 1920s.
Syphilis, Lead, Alcohol, Feeblemindedness and "One Drop" of Black Blood. Racial purists felt the above problems, if left unattended, could impede the progress of the White race. Sterilization and institutionalization (negative eugenics) were considered the perfect solution for eliminating the unfit.
Classificatory Changes and the Demise of Mulattos in Minnesota right after the turn of the 20th century. Mulatto's identity was changed to Black American.
Americanization Training Course at University of Minnesota.
Anthropology's Contribution to Rebuilding America. Assimilation of European ethnics into mainstream America through course work designed to teach basic living skills necessary to survive in a modern society. This model course was also designed to help other professionals and community leaders to set up similar programs across the country.
Anthropological Study of The Manassas Society:
Mixed-race Community of 200 Families, known as the Manassas Society, by University of MN Anthropologist, A.E. Jenks. Jenks' work was frequently presented on the lecture circuit by the infamous Frederick L. Hoffmann, an insurance executive and statistician. Insurance companies had access to Plecker's files on the Mulattos. Hoffmann was an antidemite.
Anthropological Perspective on Americanization, Immigration and the "Negro Problem" by A.E. Jenks.
The Great Migration of Negroes at The Turn of the Century.
Nearly 2 million Negroes migrated from the deep south to the north in search of freedom and opportunity. Was Minnesota's Americanization Training Courses via community networks made available to the Negro migrants?
U.S. Senate Dictionary of Races: Senate Document No. 662, 61st Congress, 3rd Session, 1911. Mulattos were listed as a distinct group of people.
"Birth of A Nation": An American Classic by Griffiths. Support of the movie by Woodrow Wilson through a White House Premiere.
{This film established cinema as an art and a propaganda medium and was a major hit for 25 years. It featured anti-Mulatto (antidemitic) propaganda and portrayed Mulatto males as villians and Uncle Toms as good guys. Ref. Encyclopaedia Britannica 15th ed. vol.12, pg.517 and vol. I, 15th ed. pg.41.} This film also premiered at a local theater in Minneapolis.
Global Perspective on the Destruction of Demic Populations:
U.S., South Africa and Australia. Will the aborigines receive an apology from their respective governments for past acts of inhumanity? With political change in South Africa (1999), why are Coloreds from Cape Town, S.A. still fighting for their freedom and independence as a mixed-race people? Stay tuned!
Revisiting "White America" by E.S. Cox in 1923.
A Global perspective on Mulattoes. Cox was a close associate of Dr. Plecker. A must read.
The Infamous Dr. Walter A. Plecker: Virginia's Registrar of Vital Statistics.
Renown racial purist, antidemite, and crusader for Virginia's Racial Integrity Law of 1924. Dr. Plecker was largely responsible for the extirpation of three million Mulattoes and Triracials during the 1920s under the one drop rule. Plecker was an adherent of A.E. Jenks' philosophy on "amalgamation" and miscegenation. Plecker used the census to create a biracial society, one White and the other Black.
Plecker's Celebrated Genealogical Files on the Nation's Mulattoes:
Includes Carter G. Woodson's 1830 book on "Free Negro Heads of Household" in the U.S. by state,city and county. Mulattoes and Triracials were listed in this book as Negroes. This unprecedented act by Woodson in 1925 set the stage for classificatory conversion and was used by Dr. Plecker to deny Mulattoes and Triracials their right to an Indian or hybrid ancestry. Plecker helped Woodson to get the necessary funding for the Negro study from past census records after the government refused to print such a list. This book was Plecker's way of making a national list of Mulattoes available to the general public and households throughout America.
Passage of National Origin and Immigration Act of 1924. This Act brought a halt to the immigration of Mediterreans and Alpines. This Act also granted American Indians citizenship and the right to vote.
Dr.Plecker's New Family Series:
The New Family and Race Improvement. This booklet was mailed to over 60,000 people from all walks of life in 1925 and warned of the Mulatto's threat to the racial integrity of Whites.
Margaret Sanger: Founder of Birth Control Movement.
Her sterilization pursuits were promoted extensively in Black, Mulatto and Triracial communities. In 1927 the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Constitutionality of Eugenic Sterilization of retarded persons ("Buck v Bell"). H.H. Laughlin, an associate of Dr. Plecker, was a major proponent of sterilization and favored the Court ruling.
Review the story of Virginia's Carrie Buck and her daughter.
The Anatomy of the "Mulatto Extirpation".
"One Hundred Year Biosocial/Eugenic Experiment".
Some say it was cultural realignment, some say it was classificatory genocide, some say it was ethnic cleansing but Tans say it was all of the above and ongoing! The real question that demands further research is whether or not the removal of Mulattos was just about "one drop" of Black blood (a threat to the purity of the White race) or was it also about economic protectionism and classism?
Did "cultural functionalism" play a role in advancing the amalgamation of Mulattos with Black Americans? Franz Boas was a strong advocate of functionalism and one of his students, Melville J. Herskovits defined the functional view as follows: An attempt to study the interrelations between the various elements, small and large, in a culture. Its object is essentially to achieve some expression of the unities in culture by indicating how trait and complex and pattern, however separable they may be, intermesh, as the gears of some machine, to constitute a smoothly running, effectively functioning whole. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th Edition, p.971
Genocide as defined by the General Assembly of the United Nations (1951) - any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, as such:
1. killing members of the group.
2. causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group.
3. deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part.
4. imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group.
5. forcibly transfering children of the group to another group.
"Americanization" (1904) versus "Reinventing the American Civilization" (1994).
Will history repeat itself? Will eugenics reappear under a new social heading such as racial diversity, neo-eugenics, biosocial engineering or multiracialism? A comparative look at the past and the present...
Segregation and Unequal then; Integration and Unequal now.
Race-Regeneration/Racial Purity then; Race Neutralization/Race Dilution (racial diversity) now.
"Negro Problem"/Amalgamation then; Black Crisis/Multiracialism now. See The Nation's Health: Special Populations (Healthy People 2000 DHHS Pub.)
Immigration Problem/"Melting Pot" then: Immigration Problem/Tribalization now.
Virginia's Racial Integrity Law (1924) then: "Loving v Virginia" Law (1967) now.
Harlem Renaissance then: Afrocentric Renaissance (1994) now. (A stamp of approval for the amalgamation process and removal of the colorline within the Black community).
Anti-Mulatto Propaganda in Media then: Anti-Mulatto Propaganda in Media now.
Revisit the race related work of William McDougall, psychologist, and his study of aborigines in the Torres Strait at the turn of the century. McDougall, a British scholar, was attracted to the U.S. by unlimited research opportunities and funding. He introduced the use of race propaganda in the media and the concept of the "group mind" (collective behavior). He was limited by U.S. democracy.
Genocidal "One Drop" Rule then: Genocidal "One Drop" Rule now.
Mulatto Extirpation/Black-Mulatto Amalgam then: MulattoRenascence/Tan American Reconstruction now.
Anti-Evolution Movement then: Pro-Evolution/Racial Diversity now.
Classificatory Changes by Census Bureau/Mulattoes then: Classificatory Changes by Census Bureau/Multiracials now.
OMB rejects multiracial category. Stay tuned for the outcome of the 2000 Census and the Tan American write-in for native hybrids of color.
Communities of Triracial Isolates/Indians Located Throughout the Southeastern United States at the Turn of the Century. The number of these communities reached 200 at one time and today there are probably 60 remaining. The following is from "Memorandum Concerning the Characteristics of the Larger Mixed-Blood Islands of the Eastern United States" by W.H. Gilbert, courtesy of Social Forces, XXIV (1946):438-447.
A forgotten people sharing a common heritage, similar physical traits, a similar history, similar life-experiences and pursuing different dreams.
Alabama: Cajans, Creoles, Melungeons(Ramps), Creeks.
Connecticut: Mohegans, Pequot-(now Indian).
Delaware: Moors, Nanticoke.
Florida: Dominickers, Mulattoes,Mestizoes.
Georgia: Lumbee Indians(Croatans), Cherokees.
Kentucky: Melungeons, Delilah Whitecloud United Cherokees Tribe.
Louisiana: Nantchitoches Mulattoes, Red Bones, Sabines, St.Landry Mulattoes, Houma, Choctaw, Creoles, FreeJacks and Free People of Color.
Maryland: Guineas, Lumbee Indians, Melungeons, Wesorts.
Massachusetts: Mashpee, Peqout (now Indian), Wampanoag.
Minnesota: Manassas Society, Mulattoes.
Mississippi: Creoles, Cajans, Choctaw.
New Jersey: Gouldtowners, Ramapo Mountain People (Jackson-Whites), Lenape-Powhatans, Nanticokes, Moors.
New York: Bushwhackers, Jackson Whites, Shinnecock, Poosepatuck.
North Carolina: Haliwa Indians, Lumbee Indians(now Indian), Person County Indians, Portuguese, Rockingham County Surry Group.
Rhode Island: Narragansetts.
South Carolina: Brass Ankles, Lumbee Indians, Turks, Croatans, Red Bones, Red Legs, Marlboro Blues, Summerville Indians, Greeks, Portuguese, Yellow-hammers.
Tennessee: Melungeons.
Virginia: Adamstown Indians, Rockbridge Brown People, Buffalo Ridge Cherokee Indians, Chickahominy Indians, Issues of Amherst County, Melungeons, Monacans, Potomac Indians, Rappahannock Indians, Nansemond, Pamunkey, Skeetertown Indians, Powhatans, Mulattoes, Mestizoes, Mattapony.
West Virginia: Guineas, United Cherokee Indian Tribe of West Viriginia.
Note: Some of these tribes or groups have been successful in gaining government recognition as Indians over the years. No disrespect is intended for those listed otherwise.
The Adverse Impact of Woodson's 1925 "Free Negro Heads of Household in 1830" and "Free Negro Owners of Slaves" on Mulattoes and Triracial Isolates during the race-reconfiguration era (amalgamation) of the1920s. Was the misindentification of Mulattos as Negroes Woodson's great revenge and a cover for what was to come much later, classificatory conversion by the census in 1930 and subsequent racial amalgamation?
Founding of the American Eugenic Society in 1926.
Misuse of Alfred Binet's Work in Psychological Testing (IQ) Revisit the opinions of Dr. Ernest Hooton and Dr. Edwin Katzenellenbogen on intelligence tests, eugenics and sterilization.
Revisit comparative studies on IQ tests at the turn of the century for European ethnics and Blacks(Mulattos). Review the work of H.Goddard
"Mongrel Virginians", a book by Arthur Estabrook from the Carnegie Institute of Washington (1926) memorialized Virginia's Triracial Isolates/Mulattos as feebleminded and unfit. This book also featured an antidemitic poem by Countee Cullen, a major figure of the Harlem Renaissance. A must read.
Virginia: The Birthplace of Booker T. Washington, Carter G. Woodson, Charles S. Johnson and Walter A. Plecker.
Did Black scholars from Virginia pimp the Mulatto community for personal gain? Were these Black leaders handpicked by Whites to resolve the "Negro Problem" by preparing the Black community for social change through racial reconfiguration (eugenics)?
The Harlem Renaissance: A Black Cultural Revolution During the 1920s. A critical review of its real mission, leaders and sponsors. Give special attention to Marcus Garvey, W.E.B. DuBois, Charles S. Johnson, Franz Boas and Robert E. Park. The Renaissance was the blending of Mulatto and Black entertaiment for public (White) consumption and pre-census (1930) propaganda for advancing the amalgamation of the two groups. Relationships worth noting: Charles S. Johnson,student of Robert E. Park - Park believed that the only difference between Mulattos and Blacks was class. Park was also known for his work in "collective behavior" and housing codes in urban communities. W.E.B. DuBois was closely aligned with Franz Boas: DuBois advocated removing the "colorline" in the Black community and Boasadvocated the principles of cultural functionalism. Garvey was known as a Black nationalist and an antidemite.
For more information on W.E.B. DuBois read "W.E.B. DuBois" A Reader, edited by David L. Lewis, 1995.
Diverse Lifestyles and Politics of Participants in the Harlem Renaissance. Langston Hughes, the Renaissance leader most critical of the Mulatto.
"Porgy": A Play by DuBois Heyward in 1925. An example of artistic expression laced with an anti-Mulatto (antidemitic) theme.
The "Mulatto Condition": Affects of Misidentification, Fear, Shame, Ethnocultural and Ethnopsychological Disorientation.
Widespread Depiction of the Mulatto as "Tragic" in Literature, Theater, Film and Academia.
Recent productions during the 1990s are as follows: "Combination Skin" (Minneapolis) and "Horses of a Different Color" (St.Louis).
Minnesota-"Jackson Whites" Connection. Revisit the Dight Institute for Human Genetics at the U. of MN(1941-1979). Jackson Whites, a group of triracial isolates located in New Jersey and New York.
Implications of Carnegie Study by Gunnar Myrdal, "An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem in Modern Democracy". Review role of Negro scholars, Kenneth Clark, Charles S. Johnson, E. Franklin Frazier, Sterling Brown and Ralph Bunche in the Myrdal study. Also explore the role of Black organizations in this study.
"Brown v Board of Education" (1954). Revisiting the Testimony of two Boasian Scholars, Kenneth Clark and Minnesota's Arnold Rose. Revisit Clark's "Doll Study" and definition of "Colorism". Review race literature from the past, "The Development of Attitude toward the Negro" by Eugene L. Horowitz, Archives of Psychology 28 (1936): 5-36.
The Life Story of Rev.Vernon Johns: Virginia Seminary College. Vernon Johns was the predecessor of Martin Luther King.
An excellent resource on Vernon Johns, "Parting the Waters" by Taylor Branch. Photo of Vernon Johns is available at NHC.
Life and Death of Thurgood Marshall: "A Man That Did As Much As He Could With What He Had".
Excellent reference: "Thurgood Marshall" Warrior at the Bar, Rebel on the Bench by Michael D. Davis & Hunter R. Clark, 1992.
Multiracialism, America's Demic Population and NIH's Genomic Diversity Project. How much ($) is the "Triracial Isolate's" genes worth today? What about other hybrid groups around the world? Stay tuned!
Review the History of the Census and Options for Tan Americans of Natirah Ancestry in the 2000 Census.
Progressive Move by the Census Towards Classificatory Conversion and the Genocidal "One Drop" Rule Between 1890 and 1930.
1890 - Hybrids of Color were enumerated as Mulatto, Quadroon and Octoroon.
1900 - Hybrids of Color were enumerated as Black (Negro).
1910 - Hybrids of Color were enumerated as Mulatto.
1920 - Hybrids of Color were enumerated as Mulatto.
1930 - Hybrids of Color were enumerated as Black.
Third Individuation: Natirah Passage
A process that will free the Black race from the effects of colorism and allow Native Tans to move beyond the dictates of institutional scholars, the demeaning "one drop" rule and the unfortunate state of "double consciousness". Tan children must not be subjected to divergent or conflicting cultural values in the future.
Minnesota Historical Society Honors St. Paul's Forgotten Mulattoes as African-Americans in 1997. Story covered in the Star Tribune 2/15/1997 and Titled "Do Remember Me". Read Pilgrim's Progress: Black St.Paul and the Making of An Urban Ghetto, 1870 - 1930 by Taylor, David Vassar. 1977 UMI Dissertation Services.
Minnesota Indian Tribes Challenge the State of Minnesota on Being Called "People of Color".
Natirah Heritage Day on April 5th. A Day of Remembrance and New Beginnings.
Multiracialism... creative evolution.
Multiracialism is a postmodern biosocial movement designed to achieve a race neutral society through classificatory manipulation and eugenics. This movement, driven by the interests of molecular biologists, N.I.H and biotech corporations, is structured to encourage mixed-race people to adopt a non-traditional and multicultural way of being and to serve as advocates for social change. This collectivist movement which closely resembles the racial reconfiguration era of the 1920s has the potential of denying mixed-race children of their rights to have an appropriate racial identity, a true sense of self, a history and a culture. The multiracial concept will also leave future generations of mixed-race children vulnerable to the dehumanizing stigma of being breeding stock for advancing the social, political and economic interests of other groups.
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First submitted: 2/25/97.
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