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| About site: Military/Aviation/Aircraft/Unmanned Air Vehicles - Federation of American Scientists |
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| About site: http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav.htm |
Title: Military/Aviation/Aircraft/Unmanned Air Vehicles - Federation of American Scientists UAV development history, resources, and characteristics. |
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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) - Military Aircraft
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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are remotely piloted or self-piloted aircraft that can carry cameras, sensors, communications equipment or other payloads. They have been used in a reconnaissance and intelligence-gathering role since the 1950s, and more challenging roles are envisioned, including combat missions. Since 1964 the Defense Department has developed 11 different UAVs, though due to acquisition and development problems only 3 entered production. The US Navy has studyied the feasibility of operating VTOL UAVs since the early 1960s, the QH-50 Gyrodyne torpedo-delivery drone being an early example. However, high cost and technological immaturity have precluded acquiring and fielding operational VTOL UAV systems.
By the early 1990s DOD sought UAVs to satisfy surveillance requirements in Close Range, Short Range or Endurance categories. Close Range was defined to be within 50 kilometers, Short Range was defined as within 200 kilometers and Endurance as anything beyond. By the late 1990s, the Close and Short Range categories were combined, and a separate Shipboard category emerged. The current classes of these vehicles are the Tactical UAV and the Endurance category.
Pioneer: Procured beginning in 1985 as
an interim UAV capability to provide imagery intelligence for
tactical commanders on land and see at ranges out to 185
kilometers. No longer in the Army inventory (returned to the US
Navy in 1995).
Tactical UAV : Designed to support
tactical commanders with near-real-time imagery intelligence at
ranges up to 200 kilometers. Outrider Advanced Concept Technology
Demonstration (ACTD) program terminated. Material solution for
TUAV requirements is being pursued through a competive
acquisition process with goal of contract award in DEC 99.
Joint Tactical UAV (Hunter): Developed
to provide ground and maritime forces with near-real-time imagery
intelligence at ranges up to 200 kilometers; extensible to 300+
kilometers by using another Hunter UAV as an airborne relay.
Training base located at Fort Huachuca, with additional baseline
at Fort Polk to support JRTC rotations. Operational assets based
at Fort Hood (currently supporting the KFOR in Kosovo).
Medium Altitude Endurance UAV (Predator):
Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration now transitioned to
Low-Rate Initial Production (LRIP). Provides imagery intelligence
to satisfy Joint Task Force and Theater Commanders at ranges out
to 500 nautical miles. No longer in the Army inventory
(transferred to the US Air Force in 1996).
High Altitude Endurance UAV (Global Hawk):
Intended for missions requiring long-range deployment and
wide-area surveillance (EO/IR and SAR) or long sensor dwell over
the target area. Directly deployable from CONUS to the theater of
operations. Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD)
managed by the US Air Force.
Tactical Control Station (TCS): The
Tactical Control Station is the software and communications links
required to control the TUAV, MAE-UAV, and other future tactical
UAV's. It also provides connectivity to other C4I systems.
Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (MAV):
DARPA program to explore the military relevance of Micro Air
Vehicles for future military operations, and to develop and
demonstrate flight enabling technologies for very small aircraft
(less than 15cm/6in. in any dimension).
Unmanned Aerial VehicleNameEndurance(Hours)Payload Weight(Pounds)Altitude Capability(Feet)STATUS
AQM-34N Firebee hr. lbs. ft.
Aquila hr. lbs. ft.
Arcturus T-1616 hr.20 lbs.17,000 ft. (gas) - 40,000 ft. (electric)
COMPASS ARROW hr. lbs. ft.
COMPASS BIN hr. lbs. ft.
COMPASS COPE hr. lbs. ft.
COMPASS DAWN hr. lbs. ft.
Condor hr. lbs. ft.
CR-TUAV hr. lbs. ft.
CR-UAV hr. lbs. ft.
Darkstar8 hrs.1,000 lbs.45,000 ft.
Dragon hr. lbs. ft.
Eagle Eye8 hrs.300 lbs.20,000 ft.
Exdrone2.5 hr.25 lbs10,000 ft.
Firebee1.25 hrs.470 lbs.60,000 ft.
Global Hawk42 hrs.1,960 lbs.65,000 ft.
Gnat 75048 hrs.140 lbs.25,000 ft.
Hunter12 hrs.200 lbs.15,000 ft.
Model 3242.5 hrs.200 lbs.43,000 ft.
Model 41012 hrs.300 lbs.30,000 ft.
MR-UAV hr. lbs. ft.
MRE hr. lbs. ft.
Outrider4 hrs.160 lbs.15,000 ft.
Pioneer5.5 hrs.75 lbs.12,000 ft.
Pointer1 hr.2 lbs.3,000 ft.
Predator29 hrs.700 lbs.+40,000 ft.
SEA FERRET hr. lbs. ft.
SENIOR BOWL [D-21] hr. lbs. ft.
VT-UAV hr. lbs. ft.
VT-UAV Dragonfly hr. lbs. ft.
VT-UAV Vigilante hr. lbs. ft.
VT-UAV Guardian hr. lbs. ft.
MQ-8B Army Fire Scout hr. lbs. ft.
MQ-8B Navy Fire Scout hr. lbs. ft.
Sources and Resources
Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Federal Actions Needed to Ensure Safety and Expand Their Potential Uses within the National Airspace System [GAO-08-511], Government Accountability Office, May 2008
Unmanned Systems Roadmap: 2007-2032, Office of the Secretary of Defense, December 2007
Unmanned Aircraft Pilot Medical Certification Requirements, Federal Aviation Administration, February 2007
Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030, Office of the Secretary of Defense, August 2005 (9 MB PDF file)
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Uninhabited Combat Aerial Vehicles, Defense Science Board, February 2004
Force Structure: Improved Strategic Planning Can Enhance DOD's Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Efforts, General Accounting Office report GAO-04-342, March 2004
Access 5. Access 5 is a national project sponsored by NASA–with participation by the FAA, DoD, and industry–to introduce high altitude long endurance (HALE) remotely operated aircraft (ROA) to routine flight in the National Airspace System (NAS). October 2003
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Background and Issues for Congress (PDF), April 25, 2003
Pentagon Briefing on UAV Roadmap Report, March 18, 2003
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Roadmap: 2002-2027, Office of the Secretary of Defense, December 2002 (8.7 MB PDF file)
Joint Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - Joint Test & Evaluation, official home page
SATUMA Pakistan develops unmanned aerial vehicles, including high speed target drones and multipurpose aerial surveillance aircraft.
EE-1 Video Server Testbed, to make UAV data available via web browser in real time, Defense Information Technology Testbed, Center for Army Lessons Learned, 14 July 2000
UAVs: DoD Press Briefing October 31, 2001, Briefing Slides:
UAV Evolution - Where are we?
Army Tactical Umanned Aerial Vehicle.
Brigade Shadow 200 UAV.
Hunter TUAV Today's Workhorse.
Evolving TUAV Capabilities Include...
Predator UAV (Air Force).
Global Hawk (Air Force).
Navy UAVs.
AIR COMBAT COMMAND CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS FOR ENDURANCE UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES 3 Dec 1996 - Version 2
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): An Assessment of Historical Operations and Future Possibilities Air Command and Staff College 1997
Tactical Reconnaissance: UAVs versus Manned Aircraft Rajesh Kumar; Charles D Cunningham (Faculty Advisor) Air Command and Staff College 1997
The Pilotless Air Force? Robert C Nolan Air Command and Staff College 1997
A Moderate Course for USAF UAV Development Michael W. Kennedy; Lance A. Forbes (Faculty Advisor) Air Command and Staff College 1998 - USAF UAV course charted after its mid-1990s UAV acceptance was founded on unproven technology.
1998 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Conference Ft. Huachuca 3-5 Nov 98
1999 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Conference Ft. Huachuca 21-23 Sep 99
PEO Intelligence, Electronic Warfare and Sensors
Army Science Board Briefing 9 June 1999
Team C4IEWS - Business Opportunities 18 May 1999
AUVSI ‘99 Unmanned Systems 14 July 1999
TUAV Update: AUVSI Pax River
15 September 1999
A Perspective on Army UAV Needs and Initiatives 23 September 1999
TUAV Overview 6 October 1999
Naval UAV Executive Steering Group
Executive Steering Group Meeting -- 24 Feb 1999
Executive Steering Group Meeting -- 16 Oct 1998
VTUAV Modular Mission Payloads -- 15 October 1998
Pioneer TCDL Integration -- 09 October 1998
Unmanned/Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Command and Control (C2) Workshop, NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency (NC3A) 9-10 February 1999
UAV Characteristics Table DARO UAV Annual Report November 1996
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: DOD's Acquisition Efforts GAO T-NSIAD-97-138 April 9, 1997
Options for Enhancing the Department of Defense's Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Programs Congressional Budget Office - September 1998
Eyes in the Sky Aerial Systems Colonel Ronald W. Wilson Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin July-September 96
SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES AND UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES: SOONER OR LATER? STEPHEN P. HOWARD School of Advanced Airpower Studies JUNE 1995
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