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Title: History/By Topic/Exploration/Explorers/Hudson, Henry - Henry Hudson: Explorer of the Hudson River Brief biography and "Half Moon" voyage overview.
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Henry Hudson Explorer of the Hudson River -- By The Half Moon
Press
![<b]() "Half Moon Press logo" width=400 height=95
src="http://www.hudsonriver.com/halfmoonpress/stories/hudson.htm/halflogo.gif">
May 1996 issue
Who was Henry Hudson Anyway? And What Happened to Him?
Henry Hudson was an Englishman, possibly the grandson of a London alderman
who helped found a trading organization, the Muscovy Company.
Hudson was certainly an experienced seaman, commissioned by the Muscovy
Company in 1607 to find a quick way from England to the "islands of spicery."
He failed in that attempt, and again in 1608 -- each time foiled by ice floes
as he attempted to find a fast northerly passage to "the east."
In 1609 the Dutch East India Company, which had a monopoly on trade with the
Orient and which wanted to shorten the lengthy and expensive voyage around
the Cape of Good Hope, hired Hudson to renew the attempt on its behalf. They
provided him with an 80-ton ship, the "Half
Moon," and a crew of 20 -- a combination of Dutch and English sailors.
The "Half Moon" sailed out of Amsterdam on April 4 or 6, and after a
difficult journey along the coast of Norway and as far east as the bleak
coast of Novaya Zemlya, turned west and headed for warmer climes. Reports
claim that Hudson had a trying time with the crew, which threatened to
mutiny, but persuaded them to help seek the alternative route to the
lucrative spices.
The quest for the North-West passage led first to the coast of Maine where
members of the crew went ashore and cut timber to replace the mast of the
"Half Moon." They fished and traded with the
Native Americans but continued
south to the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. After Hudson decided they weren't
entrances to the passage he was seeking, the "Half Moon" sailed north to the
mouth of the Hudson River in early September.
An Italian, Giovanni da Verranzano, was the first recorded European to
discover the mouth of the river when he was sailing for the French in 1524.
He wrote, "we found a very pleasant situation amongst some steep hills ... ,"
but did not continue exploring what he called, "The River of the Steep Hills"
and the "Grand River."
On September 12, 1609, Hudson began his exploration of the river. The first
night he anchored off the northern tip of Manhattan. The next night, after
the crew traded for oysters with Native Americans, the ship was near Yonkers.
On September 14 Hudson thought he may have found the long-sought passage when
he saw the wide Tappan Zee but he later became disappointed when he reached
the shallower area near Albany and turned back.
The journal of one of the ship's officers, Robert Juet, was published in
England in 1625. It notes, "the 14th, in the morning, being very fair
weather, the wind southeast, we sailed up the river 12 leagues ... The river
is full of fish."
Unfortunately, it is presumed that Hudson's relevant logs were amongst the
property of the Dutch East and West India Companies which was sold at auction
by the Dutch government in 1821. An attempt by the New York State Legislature
to find them in 1841 led the state's agent, John Romeyn Brodhead, to declare,
" ... the papers of the West India Company relating to New Netherland ... are
now irrecoverably lost." One excerpt, also published in 1625, reports Hudson
to have written about the area, "It is as pleasant a land as one can tread
upon."
Hudson called the river the "River of Mountains" although the Native
Americans, with whom the skipper and crew had considerable contact, called it
"Muhheakunnuk" (great waters constantly in motion).
On October 2, as the "Half Moon" neared Manhattan, some Native Americans
became hostile and Hudson ordered guns to be fired at them. Several were
killed, and the event was remembered 15 years later when the Dutch came to
settle in Manhattan in 1624.
The "Half Moon" left the river on October 4, sailed across the Atlantic and,
according to Juet, "by the grace of God we safely arrived in the range of
Dartmouth, in Devonshire," on Saturday, November 7.
Hudson and the English crew members were not permitted to leave England but
eventually the "Half Moon" returned to Holland without them.
In the following year, Hudson made his final journey. A group of wealthy
Londoners, who still believed there was a faster route to the east, sent
Hudson off as captain of the "Discovery" to find a North-West passage.
He sailed north, via Iceland, into the Hudson Strait and from there into
Hudson Bay, which also bears his name. The "Discovery" became trapped by ice
in James Bay and was forced to winter over. During that time the crew
quarreled and, finally, as the spring thaw began, they mutinied. The
ring-leaders, Juet and Henry Greene, set Hudson, his son, and some other men
adrift in a small open boat and they were never seen again.
Greene and three other mutineers were later killed by Eskimos and Juet died
before the "Discovery," now captained by Robert Bylot, reached England.
The "Half Moon" did not fare much better. A few years later she was wrecked
on the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean while on a voyage to the Dutch
East Indies.
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Henry Hudson: Explorer of the Hudson River 2008 August
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Brief biography and "Half Moon" voyage overview.
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