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Title: History/By Topic/Exploration/Explorers/Raleigh, Walter - Sir Walter Raleigh Summary of his life (1552- 1618), with links.
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Sir Walter Raleigh
Sir Walter Raleigh,
of Hayes Barton,
Woodbury Common
Recommended by
Sir Walter Raleigh was born at
Hayes Barton which is on the edge of Woodbury Common, near the village of East
Budleigh, Devon, England.
Also see my separate page on
Raleigh's attempts at the colonisation of America.
Sir Walter Raleigh.
His background.
He was born in 1552, during a time when his father leased Hayes Barton from the Duke
family of Otterton. He was half brother to
Sir Humphrey
and Sir John Gilbert, from his mother's first marriage.
He had a brother, Carew, and sister, Margaret.
The spelling used in those days was rather erratic and thus "Raleigh" is just one of
the (over 40) ways in which his surname was written. He used numerous of these spellings,
with "Rawleigh", "Ralegh" and "Rawley" being more often used than the currently
accepted version. His name was pronounced "raw lie" and it is said he is never known to
have used the modern "Raleigh" spelling.
He is known to have attended church in East Budleigh. The nearby sea-side town of
Budleigh Salterton is the setting for the painting
"The
boyhood of Raleigh" by Millais (on show at the Tate Gallery, although from May 20th.
to September 30th., 2000 it will be in an exhibition about Raleigh at the
Fairlynch Museum, Budleigh Salterton).
Since it was painted in 1870 it's not surprising that the wall still exists.
He was quite tall (six foot) considering that the average height was lower then than now.
He is said to have retained his strong Devonshire accent during all his time at Court.
In those days a regional accent was not such a disadvantage as it has been of late.
During his early life, from 1553 to 1558, Queen Mary I was on the throne. This was a
time when the Roman Catholic church was in favour. Although a large part of the
population had previously become Protestants, those who were most open about it were
persecuted. To quote from the
"Five English Reformers" by J.C. Ryle in 1890 "Mary was not called "Bloody Mary"
without reason.....during the last four years of Queen Mary's reign no less than 288
persons were burnt at the stake for their adhesion to the Protestant faith".
Raleigh's parents knew one woman, called
Agnes Prest,
who was martyred at Exeter.
His father narrowly escaped being killed by taking refuge in a church tower.
Riots were common, with one at Exeter illustrated
here.
It is understandable that Raleigh grew up with a hatred of the Catholic Church and,
when Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, he was open to express it.
In 1581, after seeing action on a number of occasions, he became a favourite of Queen
Elizabeth the first. There is little to confirm the famous story of how he spread his
cloak across a puddle so that the Queen could walk over it, except for the cloak included
in his coat of arms.
He became Captain
of the Guard and his part in foiling the "Babington" conspiracy ended up with him owning
a 42,000 acre estate in Ireland. The "Babington" conspiracy was aimed at replacing
Queen Elizabeth with Mary, Queen of Scots. Since she was implicated in it, this led
to Mary's execution.
Raleigh replaced the chimneys of his Youghal home,
with some more like those at his birthplace, Hayes Barton.
In 1585 he was made Governor of Jersey. While there, he built
"Elizabeth Castle" on a
rocky islet, in the 1590s.
See my separate page on
Raleigh's attempts at the colonisation of America which took place at this time.
Missing the Armada.
Raleigh arranged for the construction of one of the ships involved in fighting the Armada.
"The Ark Royal" weighed 800 tons and was completed in 1587.
It had four masts and a normal crew of 270.
The Treasury was very short of money to finance a fleet to fight the Armada.
Thus Raleigh donated the ship in exchange for an I.O.U. of Ł5,000.
The "Ark Royal" was chosen to lead the English fleet against the
Armada in 1588.
It was rebuilt in 1608 and renamed "Anne Royal".
It was finally sunk due to an accident, in 1636.
My thanks to Richard Griffin for the picture on the right.
Click on it for a larger version (187 Kbytes).
There have been four further Ark Royals since then.
The following links have details of the versions -
more about the
first (1587 to 1636),
and second (1914 to 1934 [renamed]),
the third
(1937 to 1941)
the
fourth (1950 to 1978).
and the
fifth (1981 on)
with an Educational site
here.
If you want to see a reconstruction of a similar (but smaller) vessel,
Drake's
(more on Drake)
"Golden Hinde" is berthed in London.
In 1588
Sir Richard Grenville
(another link)
and Raleigh took over the joint defense of Devon and Cornwall against the expected
Spanish Armada. They arranged the construction of a series of beacons along the coasts.
These were to be lit when the Armada was first sighted.
As it happened, land-based soldiers did little but watch the sea battles from the coast
and guard some Spanish prisoners.
The Tower.
He retired to his Irish Estates but then wanted to move again and sold them to Sir
Richard Boyle in 1602.
Considering the Queen's evident affection for him, it was not unexpected that she should
be displeased with his love affair with one of her Maids of Honour, Bessie
Throckmorton
(background).
The Queen had him thrown in the
Tower of London
(click here
for picture). He was released after one of his ships brought back a huge treasure on the
captured Spanish ship "Madre De Dios".
He married Bessie and retired to his manor at Sherborne, Dorset. Here he built
Sherborne Castle in 1594.
>From 1617 this has been the home of the Digby family (17th. century Earls of Bristol).
In 1603 Queen Elizabeth the first died and James the first took the throne. Raleigh was
then framed as a member of a plot against the throne and sentenced to life imprisonment.
Whilst in the Bloody Tower he wrote the
"History of the World"
( excerpt )
which was first printed in 1614. It was composed of five volumes but only reached as far
as the second Macedonian War in 130 BC.
The West Country Studies
Library in Exeter has a number of copies of this book. A particularly fine example
from 1617 was "Printed by William Stansby for Walter Burre, and are to be sold at his
Shop in Paules Church-yard at the sign of the Crane".
In the Preface to the book Raleigh says "How unfit, and how unworthy a choice I have
made of my selfe to undertake a worke of this mixture." He goes on to refer to those
who put him in the Tower as "ungentle and uncourteous Readers" and thanks them
for putting him there "For had it been otherwise, I should hardly have had the leisure,
to have made myself a foole in print".
Yet again he was released but was then involved in another expedition against the Spanish.
Their influence at court managed to have him re-arrested on his previous charge and he
was finally sentenced to be beheaded.
At his execution in 1618 he asked to see the axe and said "This is a sharp Medicine,
but it is a Physician for all Diseases."
As was common at the time, his head was embalmed and presented to his wife. She
apparently carried it with her at all times until she died 29 years later at the age of
82.
The head was finally buried with their son (Carew - like Sir Walter, a one-time Governor
of Jersey) alongside the body of Sir Walter to the South side of the alter at
St. Margaret's Church.
This is just next to Westminster Abbey. It was founded in the 12th century and is the
parish church of the House of Parliament.
Raleigh the poet.
He was also a renowned poet.
It is worth noting that spelling in those days was largely free-style and that those who
transcribed poems often added their own "improvements". Thus the known words
from his poems may well be inaccurate.
Here are a number of links
to some further
quotes from his poems, and a
lookup facility.
Other information.
Reigns of English Monarchs around Raleigh's time -
1509 to 1547 - Henry VIII
1547 to 1553 - Edward VI (son of Henry)
1553 to 1558 - Mary I (daughter of Henry)
1558 to 1603 - Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry)
1603 to 1625 - James I (also James VI of Scotland)
Anniina Jokinen's page
with many links relating to Raleigh and "Essays and Articles on Sixteenth Century
Renaissance English Literature". There are many more links on
this page.
A section on Raleigh in the 16th. Century from
"English Literature to 1800" - coursework produced by Dr. Catherine Innes-Parker
and Dr. Geoffrey Lindsay of the Department of English at the University of Prince
Edward Island, Canada.
Rich Geib's
"Thoughts worth thinking" page with a copy of Raleigh's last letter to his wife.
This contains the interesting quote "Begg my dead body which living was denied thee;
and either lay it at Sherburne (and if the land continue) or in Exeter-Church,
by my Father and Mother".
The
Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia entry for Raleigh.
Infoplease
page based on the Columbia Encyclopedia.
A page on Raleigh, by the
National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London.
Incompetech's slightly frivolous page on Raleigh.
Nicholas Hilliard (1547 - 1619) - the Exeter painter who painted one of the most
famous paintings of Raleigh.
General genealogy
(family history) information.
Raleigh's entry in the Mormon
"International Genealogical Index".
The
National Register of Archives search page where you can search for "Raleigh" and
receive a list of locations of documents relating to him. Further archives can be found
here.
An image of a
statue of Raleigh in the
Raleigh City Museum.
Books, etc. about Raleigh.
Type
Title
Author
Details
Further information and ordering
* against the title means that we have a copy
Book
* Sir Walter Ralegh and the Quest for El Dorado
Marc Aronson
ISBN 0 3958 4827 X. Published by Clarion Books, May 2000. 240 pages.
This excellent book is also about maps and how mapping both created and reflected a new way of seeing
the world. Winner of the Boston Globe / Horn Book prize for nonfiction for young readers.
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This page last updated 3rd. July 2000.
© Copyright Jim Batten, 1996-2000.
Send comments, enquiries, etc. to
JBatten@BritishExplorers.com
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