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Title: History/By Topic/Exploration/Explorers/Henry the Navigator - Discoverers Web: Henry the Navigator Short biography from Discoverers Web. Includes links to articles on related subjects.
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Discoverers Web: Henry the Navigator
Henry the Navigator
Henry was born in 1394 as one of the sons of the Portuguese King John I,
founder of the Aviz dynasty. In 1415 he and his brothers lead the Portuguese
army in the conquest of Ceuta, a Muslim stronghold in Morocco. There he
learned about the riches of Africa. He started studying
the geography, riches and trade of western Africa.
Prince Henry decided to try to give Portugal a share in these riches. Holding
Ceuta did not work - it used to be one of the richest caravan cities, but that
was lost once it had become christian. The only way would be to go
around the Muslim territory, directly to the lands where the gold, silver, and
many more products came from themselves.
It is sometimes thought that Henry was looking for a searoute to India, but,
although he might have been, this certainly wasn't the main reason for his
expeditions. Far more important was the wish to take part of the West-African
trade. Another important goal was to find Prester John, a christian king that
was rumoured to hold a large empire somewhere in Africa. If he would contact
Prester John, perhaps together they could gain a decisive victory over the
muslims. Prince Henry was a crusader at least as much as a discoverer.
Henry established himself in Sagres, on the southwestern tip of Europe, far
away from the court in Lisbon. There he brought together several important
cartographers and instrument-makers. New, more precise maps were created,
sailors got lessons in navigatory techniques, and a new type of ship was
developed, the caravel, that combined cargo capability, manoeuverability and
seaworthiness, and thus was the ideal ship for exploring. Lagos, near Sagres,
became a center for shipbuilding. The Age of Discovery was ready to get
started.
He started sending out ships southward along the African westcoast. However,
none of his men dared to go beyond Cape Bojador, a tiny cape somewhat south
of the Canaries. They were afraid that beyond Cape Bojador the sea was so
undeep that even one league (almost 5 kilometres) out of the coast, the sea
was only 1 fathom (2 metres deep), that the currents were so strong that
no ship would ever return and that the sun would burn so hot that no life
could survive on the land. From
1424 to 1434 Henry sent out 15 expeditions, all of which did not dare to pass
the Cape.
Then, in 1433, a squire called Gil Eannes made an attempt. He too was too
afraid, however, and returned empty-handed. Finally Henry's patience had
run out, and he made Eannes swear to go south again, and this time not to
return without having passed the infamous
cape. This time Eannes succeeded into doing what so many before him failed to
do. To avoid the shallows near the Cape, he sailed westward into the open
sea, and when he turned east again, he found himself on the south side of the
Cape. He found the country desolate, but not deprived of all living. Finally
the barrier of fear had been broken. Eannes deserves to have his name to be
among those of the most important explorers of our world.
From this time on Henry's men reached further south, every year (well, not
really, sometimes one or more years were missed when troubles within the
Portuguese royalty or fights with the Muslims took too much of prince Henry's
time) going a bit further south:
1435: Eannes and Afonso de Baldaya get 50 leagues further south, and see traces
of people.
1436: Baldaya reaches Rio de Oro.
1441: Nuno Tristão and Antao Gonçalves reach Cape Blanco and capture two natives.
1444: Eannes captures 200 slaves near Cape Blanco. Beginning of the European slave trade.
1445: Dinis Dias rounds Cape Verde.
It was around this time that Henry's voyages began to bear fruit. Slaves and
seals, and later other trade articles as well, began to be sailed from
the African Coast to Portugal. An important view on the Portuguese trading
voyages can be got from Alvise da Cadamosto, a Venetian trader who took
part in the voyages to contemporary Senegal, and wrote a book on his voyages.
He might also be the discoverer of the Capeverdian Islands.
By the time Prince Henry died, in 1460, the Portuguese had reached Cape
Palmas (Liberia), and a trading post had been established in Arguim (an
island near Cape Verde).
Other internet resources:
Na Crista da Onda: O Infante D.Henrique (in Portuguese)
The Order of Christ: Henry the Navigator
Mariner's museum: Prince Henry, the Navigator
University of Calgary, Applied History Group: Prince Henry the Navigator
University of Calgary, Applied History Group: The Lure of Trade
University of Calgary, Applied History Group: Prince Henry: An Assessment
University of Calgary, Applied History Group: Africa: The Search for Gold & Slaves
Enchanted Learning: Prince Henry the Navigator: Royal Patron of Explorers
Alden: Prince Henry the Navigator
Ray Howgego: Gil Eannes
Yahoo!
Katy Petershack: Prince Henry the Navigator and his Exciting Sponsored Expeditions to Dangerous Africa
This article was written by Andre Engels in answer to a question of some young reader, and
was subsequently adapted to HTML for the Discoverers Web. In creating this article
the following book was used:
Daniel J. Boorstin: The Discoverers. Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1983/1991.
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Short | biography | from | Discoverers | Web. | Includes | links | to | articles | on | related | subjects. |
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