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Title: History/By Topic/Exploration/Explorers/Columbus, Christopher - Examining the Reputation of Christopher Columbus "[Columbus] was no more the discoverer of America than Pocahontas was the discoverer of Great Britain. Native Americans had built great civilizations with many millions of people long before Columbus

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Jack Weatherford, Examining the reputation of Christopher Columbus

Examining the reputation of Christopher Columbus

By Jack Weatherford

Christopher Columbus' reputation has not survived the scrutiny ofhistory, and today we know that he was no more the discoverer ofAmerica than Pocahontas was the discoverer of Great Britain. NativeAmericans had built great civilizations with many millions of peoplelong before Columbus wandered lost into the Caribbean.Columbus' voyage has even less meaning for North Americans than forSouth Americans because Columbus never set foot on our continent, nordid he open it to European trade. Scandinavian Vikings already hadsettlements here in the eleventh century, and British fishermanprobably fished the shores of Canada for decades before Columbus. Thefirst European explorer to thoroughly document his visit to NorthAmerica was the Italian explorer Giovanni Caboto, who sailed forEngland's King Henry VII and became known by his anglicized name, JohnCabot. Caboto arrived in 1497 and claimed North America for theEnglish sovereign while Columbus was still searching for India in theCaribbean. After three voyages to America and more than a decade ofstudy, Columbus still believed that Cuba was a part of the continentof Asia, South America was only an island, and the coast of CentralAmerica was close to the Ganges River.Unable to celebrate Columbus' exploration as a great discovery, someapologists now want to commemorate it as the great "culturalencounter." Under this interpretation, Columbus becomes asensitive genius thinking beyond his time in the passionate pursuit ofknowledge and understanding. The historical record refutes this, too.Contrary to popular legend, Columbus did not prove that the world wasround; educated people had known that for centuries. TheEgyptian-Greek scientist Erastosthenes, working for Alexandria andAswan, already had measured the circumference and diameter of theworld in the third century B.C. Arab scientists had developed a wholediscipline of geography and measurement, and in the tenth centuryA.D., Al Maqdisi described the earth with 360 degrees of longitude and180 degrees of latitude. The Monastery of St. Catherine in the Sinaistill has an icon - painted 500 years before Columbus - which showsJesus ruling over a spherical earth. Nevertheless, Americans haveembroidered many such legends around Columbus, and he has become partof a secular mythology for schoolchildren. Autumn would hardly becomplete in any elementary school without construction-paper replicasof the three cute ships that Columbus sailed to America, or withoutdrawings of Queen Isabella pawning her jewels to finance Columbus'trip.This myth of the pawned jewels obscures the true and more sinisterstory of how Columbus financed his trip. The Spanish monarch investedin his excursion, but only on the condition that Columbus would repaythis investment with profit by bringing back gold, spices, and othertribute from Asia. This pressing need to repay his debt underlies thefrantic tone of Columbus' diaries as he raced from one Caribbeanisland to the next, stealing anything of value.After he failed to contact the emperor of China, the traders of Indiaor the merchants of Japan, Columbus decided to pay for his voyage inthe one important commodity he had found in ample supply - humanlives. He seized 1,200 Taino Indians from the island of Hispaniola,crammed as many onto his ships as would fit and sent them to Spain,where they were paraded naked through the streets of Seville and soldas slaves in 1495. Columbus tore children from their parents, husbandsfrom wives. On board Columbus' slave ships, hundreds died; the sailorstossed the Indian bodies into the Atlantic.Because Columbus captured more Indian slaves than he could transportto Spain in his small ships, he put them to work in mines andplantations which he, his family and followers created throughout theCaribbean. His marauding band hunted Indians for sport and profit -beating, raping, torturing, killing, and then using the Indian bodiesas food for their hunting dogs. Within four years of Columbus' arrivalon Hispaniola, his men had killed or exported one-third of theoriginal Indian population of 300,000. Within another 50 years, theTaino people had been made extinct [editor's note: the old assumptionthat the Taino became extinct is now open to serious question] - thefirst casualties of the holocaust of American Indians. The plantationowners then turned to the American mainland and to Africa for newslaves to follow the tragic path of the Taino.This was the great cultural encounter initiated by ChristopherColumbus. This is the event we celebrate each year on Columbus Day.The United States honors only two men with federal holidays bearingtheir names. In January we commemorate the birth of Martin LutherKing, Jr., who struggled to lift the blinders of racial prejudice andto cut the remaining bonds of slavery in America. In October, we honorChristopher Columbus, who opened the Atlantic slave trade and launchedone of the greatest waves of genocide known in history.Jack Weatherford is an anthropologist at Macalaster College inSt. Paul, Minn. His most recent book is "Indian Givers." Hewrote this article for the Baltimore Evening Sun.Reprinted by Clergy and Laity Concerned (CALC) / Westchester. To getinvolved in Rediscovering the History of the Americas, or for moreinformation, resources, or action ideas, WESPAC, 255 Grove Street,White Plains, NY 10601. (914)682-0488. Peacenet:cscheiner. Thisarticle is available as a one-page printed leaflet.

"[Columbus]	was	no	more
the	discoverer	of	America	than
Pocahontas	was	the	discoverer	of
Great	Britain.	Native	Americans	had
built	great	civilizations	with	many
millions	of	people	long	before
Columbus

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