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Title: Ethnicity/The Americas/Indigenous/Native Americans/Issues and Activism/Environmental and Wildlife - Luiseno Ethnozoology Article detailing the Luiseno use of plants and animals.
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Luiseno Ethnozoology The Luiseño are the most Southwestern group of Shoshonean people in the greater North American desert. The name Luiseño came from their having lived in close proximity to the Spanish mission San Luis Rey (1798-1834) which is located in northern San Diego County near Oceanside, California. Originally, the Luiseño may have been called Payomkawichum ('The Westerners') by neighboring people and Ataxum ('The People') by themselves. The Luiseño occupied parts of north coastal San Diego County and Riverside County in  pre-Hispanic (before 1769) Southern California. It is theorized that the Luiseño came into Southern California approximately 5,000-7,000 years ago during severe altithermals (drought periods) from the Basin areas east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Their Shoshonean neighbors like the Cupeño, Cahuilla, Serrano, Gabrieliño and Chemehuevi were part of this migration. This Southern California environment was and is a mild coastal desert environment dominated by the Coastal Sagebrush Scrub plant community that is often referred to as chaparral, a word derived from the Spanish "chaparro", scrub oak. The Luiseño gathered and used a great deal of plants ; but also hunted and used animals in this environment. Traditional views saw the plants as a sacred link to the earth producing nutrients directly for herbivores and indirectly for carnivores. Meat of herbivores, like deer, was seen as sacred since they ate the plants. The Luiseño also recognized the interaction of various factors, such as water, disease, predator/prey, and natural burns that impacted the population of game animals on land and in water. At times they figured out ways of improving game animal populations through techniques such as controlled burning. Such management usually increased population of rodents and grazing animals due to the post burn growth surge of herbaceous plants, but it could prove risky if heavy rain followed purposeful set burns. Evidence indicates that varying climates and human use was usually less detrimental to environments than today's developmental impact. Southern California abounded in deer, elk, antelope and numerous rodents, birds, reptiles, etc. on the land with fish, turtles, crustacea, mollusks, and mammals in the fresh and salt water.  The Luiseño devised a seasonal pattern of hunting and gathering that started with the ocean and lowland lagoon/rivers in the spring; and worked there way up into the mountains by fall for great acorn gathering festivals. The peoples biggest competition for most of these resources was the California grizzly, which pretty much followed the same seasonal pattern. The animals like humans overlapped the more fixed plant zones, but due to the semi-arid climate many would not be visible in the day. The coyote was one of the most successful animals of the chaparral/scrub communities, but it like humans consumed more plant material than meat. We will examine the Luiseño use of animals (Kingdom: Animalia), but due to multiple uses the species will be listed by taxonomy, rather than by use. CLASS: MAMMALIA   ORDER: CARNIVORA (Flesh-eaters) FAMILY Genus/species Common name Luiseno name Use Notes Ursidae Ursus horribilis grizzly bear hunwut   Ca. ssp. extinct Canidae Canus lupus grey wolf iswut   reduced/extinct   Canus latrans coyote anno bow case/quiver     Urocyon cinereoargenteus gray fox kawawish bow case/quiver     Vulpes macrotis kit fox       Felidae Felis onca jaguar     reduced/extinct   Felis concolor mt. lion,cougar,puma tookwut bow case/quiver     Lynx rufus bobcat   bow case/quiver   Procyonidae Procyon lotor raccoon pahyammel     Bassariscidae Bassariscus astutus ringtail cat       Mustelidae Mustela frenata longtail weasel wiskonla       Taxidea taxus badger hoonul       Spilogale putorius spotted skunk pahlakoomul       Mephitis mephitis striped skunk pallakut       Enhydra lutris sea otter tukval bow case/quiver reduced     ORDER:PINNIPEDIA (Sea Lions & Seals) Otariidae Zalophus californianus Ca. sea lion   food/blubber     Arctocephalus philippi Guadalupe fur seal         Callorhinus ursinus Alaska fur seal       Phocidae Phoca vitulina harbor seal   food/blubber     Mirounga angustirostris elephant seal              ORDER: INSECTIVORA (Insect-eaters) Soricidae Sorex ornatus ornate shrew         Notiosorex crawfordi gray shrew       Talpidae Scapanus latimanus Ca. mole pahmumkul          ORDER: CHIROPTERA (Bats) Phyllostomidae Macrotus californicus leafnose bat       Vespertilionidae Myotis californicus Ca. myotis/Little brown bat tahvahlukma   M.evotis;M.tysanodes; M. yumanensis; M. subulatus similar range   Pipistrellus hesperus Western pipistrel         Lasiurus cinereus hoary bat     L. borealis, red bat similar/smaller   Eptesicus fuscus big brown bat         Plecotus townsendi Western big-eared bat         Antrozous pallidus pallid bat       Molossidae Tadarida brasiliensis Mex. free-tailed bat     T. molossa, big free-tailed bat similar      ORDER: RODENTIA (Gnawing mammals) Castoridae Castor canadensis beaver food reduced range Sciuridae Citellus beecheyri Ca. ground squirrel kanish food Eutamias merriami Merriam chipmunk wiskun food Sciurus griseus Western grey squirrel sokahwet food interior/mts. Glaucomys sabrinus N. flying squirrel interior/mts. Geomyidae Thomomys bottae valley pocket gopher mawtah food/belts Heteromyidae Perognathus longimembris little pocket mouse food /belts Dipodomys merriami Merriam kangaroo rat pa'ac food Cricetidae Reithrodontomys megalotis Western harvest mouse food Peromyscus californicae Ca. mouse pahahs food P.eremicus,cactus m.;P.maniculatus, deer m., similar Onychomys torridus S.grasshopper mouse food Neotoma lepida desert woodrat kowla food/secondary food/roots N. fuscipes, dusky-footed woodrat similar Microtus californicus Ca. vole yovish food Leporidae Lepus californicus blacktail jackrabbit sooish food/winter robes a hare Sylvilagus audubani desert cottontail tositut food S. bachmani brush rabbit tovit food     ORDER: ARIODACTYLA (Even-toed hoofed mammals) Cervidae Cervus candensis Elk, Wapiti pa'ashukut food/skin/sinew reduced   Odocoileus hemionus Mule Deer sookut food/skin/sinew/hooves used for rattles   Antilocapridae Antilcarpa americana Pronghorn, Antelope tunlah food   Bovidae Ovis canadensis Bighorn Sheep pahaht food/sinew/horns       ORDER: CETACEA (Whales, Dolphins, Porpoises) Ziphiidae Mesoplodon stejnegeri Pacific Beaked Whale       Delphinidae Tursiops gilli Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin   food     Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Pacific White-Sided Dolphin       Eschrichtiidae Eschrichtius gibbosus Gray Whale kuyoowut food, vert. seat,house frame   Balaenidae Balaena glacialis Pacific Right Whale       CLASS: REPTILIA      Testudinidae Clemmys marmorata Western Pond Turtle paa'ila food     Terrapene ornata Western Box Turtle pahelah food/shell used for rattles     Gopherus agassizi Desert Tortoise     reduced range Gekkonidae Coleonyx variegatus Banded Gecko   food   Iguanidae Callisaurus draconoides Zebra-tailed Lizard   food     Crotaphytus collaris Collared Lizard   food reduced range   Sceloporus occidentalis Western Fence lizard kahselah food     Phrynosoma coronatum Coast Horned Lizard challakkah     Scincidae Eumeces skiltonianus Western Skink   food   Teiidae Cnemidophorus tigris Western whiptail       Leptotyphlopidae Leptotyphylops humilis Western blind snake       Boidae Charina bottae Rubber boa         Lichanuria trivirgata Rosy boa       Colubridae Coluber constrictor Western Racer         Diadophis punctatus Ringneck snake pahhah       Pituophis melanoleucus Gopher snake sethe       Lampropeltis getulus californiae Ca. Kingsnake tettenglah       Thamnophis elegans Western garter snake         Tantilla planiceps Western black-headed snake pawvekut       Trimorphodon vandenburghi Ca. Lyre snake       Viperidae Crotalus ruber Red Diamond rattlesnake me'qush       C. viridis helleri S. Pacific Rattlesnake sowat       C. mitchelli Speckled rattlesnake laxwalxwic     CLASS: AMPHIBIA Salamandridae Taricha torosa Ca. newt         Batrachoseps attenuatus Ca. Slender Salamander   taboo   Pelobatidae Scaphiopus hammondi Western Spadefoot toad       Bufonidae Bufo boreas Western toad       Hylidae Pseudacris triseriata Chorus frog         Hyla regilla Pacific treefrog       Ranidae Rana aurora draytoni Ca. Red-legged frog wahawut taboo   CLASS:AVES Cathartidae Cathartes aura Turkey vulture allowwahkah       Gymnogyps californianus Ca Condor yuna'avaywut     Elaninae Elanus leucurus White-tailed kite       Acciptrinae Accipiter cooperi Cooper's hawk       Buteoninae Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed hawk kwahlah feather/cerem.     Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered hawk         Buteo swainsoni Swainson's hawk         Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle ahswut feather/cerem.     Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald Eagle pame     Circinae Circus cyaneus Marsh hawk/Harrier tokavit     Falconinae Falco mexicanus Praire Falcon   feather     Falco sparverius Sparrow hawk kallokalliikme     Tytonidae Tyto alba Barn owl chaht     Strigidae Otus asio Screech Owl ammummul       Bubo virginianus Great Horned Owl mootah taboo     Asio otus Long-eared Owl muutamimal       Speotyto cunicularia Burrowing Owl kookkool     Corvidae Corvus corax C. Raven kahweah       C. brachyrhynchos C. Crow ahlwut       Pica pica Black-billed magpie tookoopoo       Aphelocoma coerulescens Ca. Scrub Jay chahish     Cuculidae Geococcyx californianus Roadrunner pooepooe       Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo       Phasiaianidae Lophortyx californicus Ca./Valley quail kahahl food/feathers     Oreortyx pictus Mt. Quail kahhahwit foodfeathers   Columbidae Columba fasciata Band-tailed pigeon mahawut food     Zenaidura macroura Mourning Dove mahel     Caprimulgidae Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Poor-will pallakwis     Alcedinidae Megaceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher       Picidae Colaptes cafer Red-Shafted Flicker tahvis feathers     Melanerpes formicivorus Ca./Acorn Woodpecker sawlah feathers     Sphyrapicus varius ruber Red-Breasted Sapsucker   feathers     Dendrocopus villosus Hairy Woodpecker kahwankul       D. pubescens Downy Woodpecker         D. nuttalli Nuttall's Woodpecker 'iven'xal feathers   Trochilidae Calypte anna Anna's Hummingbird tooshmel       C. cotae Costa's Hummingbird       Icteridae Sturnella neglecta Western Meadowlark esahl feathers     Agelaius phoeniceus Red-Winged Blackbird pahhemal feathers     Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Yellow-Headed Blackbird   feathers     Icterus bullockii Bullock's Oriole tookoopul feathers     Euphagus cyanocephalus Brewer's Blackbird pahhemal       Molothrus ater Cowbird       Fringillidae Pheucticus melanocephalus Black-Headed Grosbeak pahhah       Carpodacus purpureus Ca. Purple Finch yowyellah       Spinus tristis Goldfinch         Pipilo fuscus Brown Towhee topnel       Amphispiza belli Sage Sparrow         Melospiza melodia Song Sparrow         Zonotrichia atricapilla Golden-Crowned Sparrow       Thraupidae Piranga ludoviciana Western Tanager       Tyrannidae Tyrannus verticalis Western Kingbird chakamel       Empidonax minimus Least Flycatcher       Alaudidae Eremophil alpestris Horned Lark       Hirundinidae Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow palismel     Paridae Parus gambeli Mt. Chickadee         P. inornatus Plain Titmouse yohwihwal     Sittidae Sitta aculeata Nuthatch       Chamaeidae Chamaea fasciata Wrentit       Troglodytidae Campylorhynchus brunneicapillum Cactus Wren         Catherpus mexicanus Canon Wren       Mimidae Mimus polyglottos Mockingbird tahmahwit       Toxostoma redivivum Ca. Thrasher       Turdidae Hylocichla guttata Hermit Thrush         Sialia mexicana Western Bluebird       Vireonidae Vireo bellii Bell's Vireo       Parulidae Dendroica petechia Yellow Warbler         Icteria virens Yellow-breasted Chat       Sylviidae Polioptila caerulea Gnatcatcher       Gruidae Grus canadensis Sandhill Crane quaruut 1st Dancer,whistle   Ardeidae Areda herodias Great Blue Heron   whistle     Butorides virescens Green Heron         Casmerodius albus C. Egret         Nycticorax nycticorax Black-Crowned Night Heron       Anserinae Branta candensis Canada Goose la'la food     Chen hyperborea White Brant/Snow Goose weesal     Anatinae Anas platyrhynchos Mallard Duck qaatqat food     Anas acuta Pintail   food     Anus discors Blue-Winged Teal   food     Anas cyanoptera Cinnamon Teal   food   Aythyinae Bucephala clangula C. Goldeneye   food     Melanitta perspicillata Surf Scooter       Oxyurinae Oxyura jamaicensis Ruddy Duck       Rallidae Rallus longirostris Ca. Clapper Rail         Fulica americana Am. Coot shayla food   Charadriidae Charadrius vociferus Killdeer         Arenaria melanocephala Black Turnstone       Scolopacidae Totanus melanoleucus Greater Yellowlegs         Ereunetes mauri Western Sandpiper       Recurvirostridae Recurvirostra americana Am. Avocet       Larinae Larus californicus Ca Gull       Sterninae Sterna albifrons Least Tern       Podicipedidae Aechmophorus occidentalis Western Grebe       Pelecanidae Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Pelican   robes,food   Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax auritis Double Crested Cormorant   food,eggs   CLASS: OSTEICHTHYES (Boney Fishes) Salmonidae Oncorhynchus kisutch Coho Salmon     S. CA range uncertain   Salmo gairdneri Rainbow Trout   food   Catostomidae Catostomus commersoni White Sucker   food   Atherinidae Leuresthes tenuis Ca Grunion   food     Atherinopsis califoriensis Jacksmelt   food   Percichthyidae Morone saxatilis Striped Bass   food     Paralabrax clathratus Kelp Bass   food   Embiotocidae Amphistichus argenteus Barred Surfperch   food   Mugilidae Mugil cephalus Striped Mullet       Dasyatidae Myliobatis californicus Ca Stingray wollumal     PHYLUM:MOLLUSCA (Mollusks) Haliotidae Haliotis cracherodii Black Abalone 'ayla food,jewelry, dishes H. rufescens Red Abalone qexl food,jewelry, dishes Cypraeidae Cypraea spadicea Chestnut Cowrie Olividae Olivela biplicata Purple Olive beads,jewelry,money Mytilidae Mytilus edulis Common Blue Mussel food,utensils Pectinidae Argopecten circularis Pacific Calico Scallop food Leptopecten latiauratus Kelp-weed Scallop food Ostreidae Ostrea lurida Ca. Oyster food Mactridae Tresus nutalli Pacific Gaper Clam food Donacidae Donax californicus Ca Donax food,jewelry Veneridae Tivela stultorum Pismo Clam food Turbinidae Astraea undosa Wavy Turban Acamaeidae Fissurella volcano Volcano Limpet food Megathura crenulata Great Keyhole Limpet food Cephalopoda Octopus dofleini Pacific Octopus food CLASS:INCECTA (Insects) Danaidae Danaus plexippus Monarch       Nymphalidae Euphydryas chalcedona Checkerspot         Nymphaltis antiopa Mourning Cloak       Pieridae Colias eurytheme Orange Sulfur       Papilionidae Papilio polyxenes Black Swallowtail       Hesperiidae Eparrgyreus clarus Silver-spotted Skipper       Sphingidae Manduca sexta Sphinx moth   cocoon rattles       Ceanothus Silkmoth       Tenebrionidae Coelocnemis californicus Broad-necked Darkling Beetle       Coccinellidae Adalia frigida Two-spotted Ladybird Beetle       Formicidae Pogonomyrmex californicus Harvester Ant 'aanat Boys' puberty     Camponotus sp. Black Carpenter Ant lamaqqat       Limotopum occidentalis Tree Ant wiyawic       Dorymyrmex pyramicus Black lion Ant tuumalum     Pediculidae Pediculus humanus Body Louse salat     Belostomatidae Lethocerus americanus Giant Water Bug tcorwumal     Andrenidae Andrena transnigra Burrowing Bee suka     Sphecidae Sphex sp Digger Wasp         Hemipepsis formosa Tarantula Hawk Wasp pu'ulakwic     Gryllidae Gryllus pennsylvancus Field Cricket sulkal food     Oecanthus californicus Ca Tree Cricket shulkul     Gryllotalpidae Gryllotalpa sp Mole Cricket       Tettigoniidae Microcentrum californicum Ca Katydid sulqual     Gerridae Gerris sp Waterstrider       Calliphoridae Calliphora vomitoria Blue Bottle Fly/Blow Fly sariiwut       Phaenica sericata Green Bottle Fy       CLASS: ARACHNIDA (Arachnids) Araneidae Argiope trifasciata Orb Weaver kuye'eewut     Theridiidae Latrodectus mactans Black Widow kuyximic     Scorpiones Centruroides sp Scorpion suyla     Ctenizidae Bothriocyrtum californicum Ca Trap-door Spider naavayut     Theraphosidae Dugesiella sp Am Tarantula monnawut     CLASS: CHILOPODA AND DIPLOPODA (Centipedes and Millipedes)     Centipede waqpic                             CLASS: OLIGOCHAETA (Earthworms and Freshwater Worms)                          
 

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