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American Holiness Movementfunction dnn(dx) {var siz=getCookie("fSize");siz=siz*1+dx;if (siz 5 && siz48) {siz=48};text.style.fontSize = siz;setCookie("fSize",siz,180,"/");};American Holiness MovementAdvanced InformationOriginating in the United States in the 1840s and 50s, this was anendeavor to preserve and propagate John Wesley's teaching on entiresanctification and Christian perfection. Wesley held that the roadfrom sin to salvation is one from willful rebellion against divineand human law to perfect love for God and man. Following Wesley,Holiness preachers emphasized that the process of salvationinvolves two crises.In the first, conversion or justification, one is freed from thesins he has committed. In the second, entire sanctification or fullsalvation, one is liberated from the flaw in his moral nature thatcauses him to sin. Man is capable of this perfection even though hedwells in a corruptible body marked by a thousand defects arisingfrom ignorance, infirmities, and other creaturely limitations. It isa process of loving the Lord God with all one's heart, soul, andmind, and it results in the ability to live without conscious ordeliberate sin. However, to achieve and then remain in this blessedstate requires intense, sustained effort, and one's life must bemarked by constant self renunciation, careful observance of thedivine ordinances, a humble, steadfast reliance on God's forgivinggrace in the atonement, the intention to look for God's glory in allthings, and an increasing exercise of the love which itself fulfillsthe whole law and is the end of the commandments.BELIEVEReligiousInformationSourceweb-siteOur List of 1,000 Religious SubjectsE-mailIn the midnineteenth century several factors converged thatcontributed to the renewal of the Holiness emphasis, among them thecamp meeting revivals that were a common feature in rural America,the Christian perfectionism of Charles Finney and Asa Mahan (theOberlin theology), the "Tuesday Meeting" of Phoebe Palmer in NewYork, the urban revival of 1857 - 58, and protests within theMethodist churches about the decline of discipline which resultedin the Wesleyan Methodist secession in 1843 and Free Methodistwithdrawal in 1860. These two became the first denominationsformally committed to Holiness. After the Civil War a full fledgedHoliness revival broke out within the ranks of Methodism, and in1867 the National Camp Meeting Association for the Promotion ofHoliness was formed. From 1893 it was known as the National HolinessAssociation (NHA) and in 1971 was renamed the Christian HolinessAssociation. Until the 1890s Methodists dominated the movement andchanneled its enthusiasm into their churches.The increasing number of Holiness evangelists, many of whom wereunsanctioned by their superiors, a flourishing independent press,and the growth of nondenominational associations gradually weakenedthe position of mainline Methodism in the movement. By the 1880sthe first independent Holiness denominations had begun to appear,and tensions between Methodism and the Holiness associationsescalated. The gap between the two widened as Methodist practicedrifted steadily toward a sedate, middleclass AmericanProtestantism, while the Holiness groups insisted they werepracticing primitive Wesleyanism and were the true successors ofWesley in America. The small schismatic bodies gradually coalescedinto formal denominations, the largest of which were the Church ofGod, Anderson, Indiana (1880), Church of the Nazarene (1908), andPilgrim Holiness Church (1897, merged with the Wesleyan Methodistsin 1968 to form the Wesleyan Church).The polity of these bodies was a modified Methodism in that therewas generally somewhat more congregational autonomy, and the"second blessing" of entire sanctification was an integral part oftheir theology. Most operated with a strict perfectionist code ofpersonal morality and demanded from their adherents plain dress andabstinence from "worldly" pleasures and amusements. Also, nearlyall of them allowed women to be ordained to the ministry andoccupy leadership positions.The Holiness movement quickly spread beyond the bounds of Methodism.A Mennonite group, the United Missionary Church (formerly MennoniteBrethren in Christ and since a merger in 1969 called the MissionaryChurch), adopted the doctrine of entire sanctification and Holinessstandards of personal conduct. The Brethren in Christ (founded 1863)was of mixed Pennsylvania German pietist and Mennonite origins, butit also took on Wesleyan perfectionism. Four Quaker yearly meetingsthat had been influenced by Holiness doctrines came together in 1947to form the Evangelical Friends Alliance. The Salvation Army alsohas had a firm commitment to Holiness. The Christian and MissionaryAlliance with its emphasis on Christ as Savior, sanctifier, healer,and coming King has an affinity with the Wesleyan movement, and itstwo most prominent thinkers, A B Simpson and A W Tozer,are widely read in Holiness circles, but it never acceptedthe doctrine of the eradication of sin.The growth of the independent churches was related to the decline ofthe Holiness emphasis within Methodism, and after World War IIdenominationalism turned the originally evangelistic NHA into acouncil of Holiness churches. But numerical growth and materialprosperity led inexorably to compromise with contemporary culture,and the relaxation of personal discipline was reflected in thewearing of fashionable dress and jewelry and secular entertainmentssuch as participation in athletics and television viewing. As aresult, several conservative splinter groups seceded from theHoliness denominations and joined together in an interchurchorganization in 1947 known as the Interdenominational HolinessConvention. This now sees itself as the defender ofpristine Wesleyanism.Pentecostalism is an offshoot of the Holiness movement. It teachesthat speaking in tongues is the evidence one has received the secondblessing. At a Bible school in Topeka, Kansas, founded by a Holinessevangelist the "gift of the Spirit" came to a student in 1901, andthe practice of glossolalia quickly spread. The Pentecostal revivalmade its greatest inroads in areas where Holiness movements werealready prospering, and it attracted far more non Methodists thanhad the earlier forms of perfectionism. Besides the emphasis on thebaptism of the Holy Spirit, Pentecostalism recognized divine healingand demanded highly puritanical standards of personal conduct. Likethe Holiness groups the Pentecostals were theological conservatives,and they comprised an important addition to the Arminian wing ofProtestant conservatism in the period when the fundamentalistmovement was gathering steam.Some Holiness denominations, most notably the Church of theNazarene, flatly reject the use of tongues, while others, thelargest being the Church of God, Cleveland, TN, and the PentecostalHoliness Church, teach both glossolalia and entire sanctification.Denominationalism soon took hold in Pentecostalism, and before longit had more adherents than its parent in such bodies as theAssemblies of God, the black Church of God in Christ, and theInternational Church of the Foursquare Gospel.More difficult to characterize is the Keswick movement whichoriginated in Britain in 1875 at a "Convention for the Promotion ofPractical Holiness" in the Lake District town of that name. Speakersat the annual Keswick conferences emphasized the "deeper life"instead of holiness, believing that the tendency to sin is notextinguished but is counteracted by victorious living through theHoly Spirit. The predominance of Reformed Anglicans along withlike minded Free Church evangelicals in the movement prevented theWesley - Arminian view of sanctification from establishinga foothold.In Germany the Holiness concept was institutionalized in theGemeinschaftsbewegung (Fellowship Movement) which came intoexistence under the influence of Keswick and Methodist evangelistsfrom Britain and the United States. Several societies were founded,the most important being the German Evangelization Association(1884), Gnadau Association (1888), and Blankenburg AllianceConference (1905), which cultivated a deeper holiness amongmembers of the territorial churches.The Holiness movement contributed to a deepening of the spirituallife in a materialistic age, and it was a welcome contrast to thesterile intellectualism and dead orthodoxy that characterized somany churches at the time. However, it has been criticized forsuggesting that a "second blessing" can provide some Christians witha higher kind of sanctification than that which flows from one'sjustifying faith. P T Forsyth said it is "a fatal mistake to thinkof holiness as a possession which we have distinct from ourfaith and conferred upon it.That is a Catholic idea, still saturating Protestant pietism." Otherobjections include the tendency to identify holiness with quietisticself abasement and even loss of personality, an otherwordlyasceticism that calls for the rejection of all secular culture assinful, confining the grace of God to stereotyped forms of religiousexperience, an overemphasis on feeling, and claiming withoverweening confidence the special action of the Holy Spirit inone's life and direct inspiration in the details ofthought and action.R V Pierard(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)BibliographyC E Jones, A Guide to the Study of the HolinessMovement; D W Dayton, The American Holiness Movement: ABibliographic Introduction; M E Dieter, The Holiness Revival ofthe Nineteenth Century; C E Jones, Perfectionist Persuasion: TheHoliness Movement and American Methodism; J L Peters, ChristianPerfection and American Methodism; T L Smith, Called UntoHoliness; P Scharpff, History of Evangelism; A Clarke,Commentary on the Holy Bible; H O Wiley, An Introduction toChristian Theology; R H Coats, H E R E , VI; D W Dayton,N I D C C ; V Synan, The Holiness Pentecostal Movement.The individual articles presented here were generally first publishedin the early 1980s. This subject presentation was first placedon the Internet in May 1997.Copyright InformationSend an e-mail question or comment to us:E-mailThe main BELIEVE web-page (and the index to subjects) is athttp://mb-soft.com/believe/indexaz.html |
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