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Gnostics, Gnostic Gospels, & Gnosticism Gnostics, Gnostic Gospels, & GnosticismA one-sentence description of Gnosticism: a religion thatdifferentiates the evil god of this world (who is identified with the god of the Old Testament) from ahigher more abstract God revealed by Jesus Christ, a religion that regardsthis world as the creation of a series of evil archons/powers who wish tokeep the human soul trapped in an evil physical body, a religion that preachesa hidden wisdom or knowledge only to a select group as necessary for salvationor escape from this world.The term "gnostic" derives from "gnosis," which means "knowledge" inGreek. The Gnostics believed that they were privy to a secret knowledgeabout the divine, hence the name. (Huxley coined "agnosticism" on thebasis that all knowledge must be based on reason. We cannot rationallyclaim to have access to knowledge that is beyond the powers of theintellect.)There are numerous references to the Gnostics in second centuryproto-orthodox literature. Most of what we know about them is from thepolemic thrown at them by the early Church Fathers. They are alluded toin the Bible in the pastorals (spurious Paulines of 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy,and Titus), for example 1 Tm 1:4 and 1 Tm 6:20, and possibly the entiretyof Jude. Ignatius of Antioch writes against them as well as Docetism, adoctrine closely related to Gnosticism that stated that Christ was purespirit and had only a phantom body. Second Clement is a document aimedat refuting early second century Gnosticism. Marcion was the most famousof the Gnostics, and he established a "canon" of the Pauline epistles(minus the pastorals) and a "mutilated" Luke (presumably considered sobecause it lacked proof-texts such as Lk 22:43-44). Justin Martyrmentioned him c. 150 CE, and Irenaeus and Tertullian wrote against himextensively in the late second century (in Against Heresy and AgainstMarcion, respectively).Besides Marcion, other important Gnostics were Basilides and Valentinus.Some Gnostic documents are the Gospel of Truth, the Letter to Rheginus,Treatise on the Three Natures, Apocalypse of Adam, the Gospel ofMatthias, Gospel of Philip, Acts of Peter, and Acts of Thomas. Althoughthe Gnostics were prolific writers, most of their works have been burntor lost in favor of proto-orthodox writings (and known only throughpatristic references).Some scholars have theorized that Gnosticism has its roots inpre-Christian religions, instead of being merely an offshoot ofChristianity.The following are writings by Gnostics of the second century according to some scholars, although some others dispute this classification for writings such as the Gospel of Thomas.Gnostic: The Gospel of ThomasGnostic: The Secret Book of JamesGnostic: BasilidesGnostic: Naassene FragmentGnostic: Gospel of MaryGnostic: Dialogue of the SaviorGnostic: Gospel of the SaviorGnostic: MarcionGnostic: EpiphanesGnostic: Ophite DiagramsGnostic: PtolemyGnostic: Gospel of TruthGnostic: Excerpts of TheodotusGnostic: HeracleonGnostic: Acts of PeterGnostic: Acts of ThomasAll of the above documents and more are presented on the Early Christian Writings web site.Here are some books about Gnostics and Gnosticism.Gnosis : The Nature and History of Gnosticism by Kurt RudolphThe Gnostic Gospels by Elaine PagelsThe Gnostic Paul by Elaine PagelsRethinking "Gnosticism" by Michael Allen WilliamsThe Elements of Gnosticism by Stuart HolroydGnostic Truth and Christian Heresy : A Study in the History of Gnosticism by Alastair H. B. LoganHere are some web pages about Gnostics and Gnosticism.Henry Wace: GnosticismReligious Tolerance: Ancient GnosticismCatholic Encyclopedia: GnosticismThe Gnostic Society LibraryThank you for visiting the Early Christian Writings web page.Go to Table of ContentsThis web page is copyright © 2003 Peter Kirby <E-Mail>. |
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