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spiritualism (spiritism)
Robert Todd Carroll
SkepDic.com
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spiritism
(spiritualism )
Spiritism or spiritualism is the belief that the human personality survives death and
can communicate with the living through a sensitive medium. The
spiritualist movement began in 1848 in upstate New York with the Fox sisters who claimed
that spirits communicated with them by rapping on tables. (The "raps" were
actually made by cracking their toe joints.) By the time the sisters admitted their fraud
some thirty years later, there were tens of thousands of mediums holding séances where
spirits entertained with numerous magical tricks such as making sounds, materializing
objects, making lights glow, levitating tables and moving objects across the room. The
mediums demonstrated every variety of psychic power from clairvoyance
and clairaudience to telekinesis
and telepathy. Repeated charges of fraud did little to stop
the spiritualist movement until the 1920's when magicians such as Houdini exposed the techniques
and methods of deceit used by mediums to fool even the wisest and holiest of men and
women.
The Hollywood version of séances is fairly accurate: people
sitting around a table, holding hands in a darkened room, a faked trance by the medium who
passes on to the group any information given by the spirit, often accompanied by tricks
such as the levitating table, mysterious sounds, materializing objects, etc. For many,
spiritualism was "scientific proof" of life after death, which didn't involve
any of the superstitious non-sense of religion.
See also channeling,
ghost, and
medium.
further reading
A Short History of
Psi Research by Robert Todd Carroll
Skeptiseum: Ghosts and Spirits
Brandon, Ruth. (1983). The Spiritualists. Knopf.
Houdini, Harry. A Magician Among the Spirits (New York: Harper, 1924).
Houdini, Harry. Miracle Mongers and Their Methods: a Complete Expose (Buffalo,
N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1981). * Free
online!
Keene, M. Lamar. The Psychic Mafia (Prometheus, 1997).
Randi, James. An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and
Supernatural (N.Y.: St. Martin's Press, 1995).
Randi, James. Flim-Flam! (Buffalo, New York:
Prometheus Books,1982).
Rawcliffe, Donovan Hilton. Occult and Supernatural Phenomena(New York: Dover
Publications, 1988).
Stein, Gordon. "Spiritualism," in The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal edited
by Gordon Stein (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1996).
Tanner, Amy. Studies in Spiritism (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1994).
©copyright 2007
Robert Todd Carroll
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