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| About site: History/By Time Period/Eighteenth Century/Industrial Revolution - Factory Workers in the British Industrial Revolution |
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Title: History/By Time Period/Eighteenth Century/Industrial Revolution - Factory Workers in the British Industrial Revolution Papers on children, men, and women as factory workers as complete texts and abstracts by Douglas Galbi.
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Factory Workers in the British Industrial RevolutionFactory Workers in the BritishIndustrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution radically changed the organization of work. In thenew factories, a large number of workers gathered together six or seven days aweek to engage in tightly coordinated tasks paced by machinery. This neworganization of work implied a sharp dinstinction between work and home. Inearlier types of work, such as farming, trades, and cottage industries, workand home were not necessarily separate spheres and child labor was not a publicissue. Factory work greatly affected the life experiences of children, men, andwomen. For children, factory work served as a form of hard schooling. Itchanneled into adult factory jobs child workers who obeyed orders, workeddiligently, and survived the health hazards and tedium. While the IndustrialRevolution eventually put great pressure on men to engage in paid work outsidethe home continuously from adulthood to retirement, some men, particularlyolder men, refused to work in the factories and preferred to engage in spotlabor and work around the home. Some women made large contributions to theirfamilies through paid labor in the factories. It was not unusual for marriedwomen with children to work full-time in early English factors. As a substitutefor family members engaging in non-paid home labor, some families madearrangements for paid child care, as well as paid laundry services and cleaningand cooking services. Outside of the factories, adult women had poor labor market opportunities,and within the factories, adult women earned much less than adult men. Thesedifferences may have been economically related. They provided an incentive formen to engage in paid labor outside the home, and women to do non-paid laborwithin the home. Below are some of Douglas Galbi's papers on children, men, and women asfactory workers in the British Industrial Revolution. This dataset on cotton factories inLancashire was used in the work below. * * *Child labor andthe division of labor in the early English cotton mills(pdf file here)[draft; published version in Journal of Population Economics, vol. 10,No. 4 (1997) pp. 357-75] AbstractThe share of children employed in English cotton factories fell significantlybefore the introduction of effective child labor legislation in the early1830s. The early factories employed predominantly children because adultswithout factory experience were relatively unproductive factory workers. Thesubsequent growth of the cotton industry fostered the development of a labormarket for productive adult factory workers. This effect helps account for theshift towards adults in the cotton factory workforce. Through Eyes inthe Storm: Aspects of the Personal History of Women Workers in the Industrial Revolution(pdf file here)[draft; published version in Social History vol. 21, no. 2 (1996) pp.142-59]AbstractWomen's experience ofchild labour in factories in early nineteenth century England may haveincreased their psychological susceptibility, both in life-cycle andsocial-historical trajectories, to non-wage earning roles as mothers. Thispaper uses as a primary source an official examination into the punishment of aten-year old female factory worker. From this text arises an interrelatedcollection of stories -- the story of that girl and her mother in apsychological and relational struggle under the circumstances of their lives,an alternative story of how other girls coped, and an account of how thesepersonal dynamics fit into the broader social history of women in nineteenthcentury England. This history offers important insights into the effect ofdeprivation and brutality on the development of gender. Economic Change and Sex Discriminationin the Early English Cotton Factories(pdf file here) AbstractThis paper considers sex discrimination in the early English cotton factories. Intrinsicdifferences between men and women offer a less compelling explanation for sexdiscrimination than much of the literature suggests. A labor sorting modeloffers an alternative explanation of how discrimination could be transmittedfrom established labor markets to the new factory labor market. While therelevance of this model to the early factory workforce has not been recognizedin the literature, the historical evidence indicates that it might provide aneconomic rationale for discrimination between men and women in the earlyEnglish cotton factories. * * *(The above papers are best viewed in the pdf format. Get theAdobe Acrobatreader 4.0 or better to view them in pdf format.) Return to GalbiThink Communications Policy home page |
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Papers | on | children, | men, | and | women | as | factory | workers | as | complete | texts | and | abstracts | by | Douglas | Galbi. |
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