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Title: Philosophy/Philosophy of Logic/Informal Logic - The Nizkor Project: Fallacies 42 informal logical fallacies explained by Dr. Michael C. Labossiere, including examples.
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Fallacies  FallaciesMatteo Dell'Amico provides this feature in ItalianIndexAd HominemAd Hominem Tu QuoqueAppeal to AuthorityAppeal to BeliefAppeal to Common PracticeAppeal to Consequences of a BeliefAppeal to EmotionAppeal to FearAppeal to FlatteryAppeal to NoveltyAppeal to PityAppeal to PopularityAppeal to RidiculeAppeal to SpiteAppeal to TraditionBandwagonBegging the QuestionBiased SampleBurden of ProofCircumstantial Ad HominemCompositionConfusing Cause and EffectDivisionFalse DilemmaGambler's FallacyGenetic FallacyGuilt By AssociationHasty GeneralizationIgnoring A Common CauseMiddle GroundMisleading VividnessPersonal AttackPoisoning the WellPost HocQuestionable CauseRed HerringRelativist FallacySlippery SlopeSpecial PleadingSpotlightStraw ManTwo Wrongs Make A Right Dr. Michael C. Labossiere, the author of a Macintosh tutorial namedFallacy Tutorial Pro 3.0,has kindly agreed to allow the text of his work to appear on the Nizkorsite, as a Nizkor Feature. It remains © Copyright 1995 Michael C.Labossiere, with distribution restrictions -- please see ourcopyright notice.If you have questions or comments about this work, please direct themboth to the Nizkor webmasters(webmaster@nizkor.org)and to Dr. Labossiere(ontologist@aol.com).Other sites that list and explain fallacies include:Constructing a Logical ArgumentDescription of FallaciesIn order to understand what a fallacy is, one must understand what anargument is. Very briefly, an argument consists of one or more premisesand one conclusion. A premise is a statement (a sentence that is eithertrue or false) that is offered in support of the claim being made, whichis the conclusion (which is also a sentence that is either true orfalse).There are two main types of arguments: deductive and inductive. Adeductive argument is an argument such that the premises provide (orappear to provide) complete support for the conclusion. An inductiveargument is an argument such that the premises provide (or appear toprovide) some degree of support (but less than complete support) for theconclusion. If the premises actually provide the required degree ofsupport for the conclusion, then the argument is a good one. A gooddeductive argument is known as a valid argument and is such that if allits premises are true, then its conclusion must be true. If all theargument is valid and actually has all true premises, then it is knownas a sound argument. If it is invalid or has one or more false premises,it will be unsound. A good inductive argument is known as a strong (or"cogent") inductive argument. It is such that if the premisesare true, the conclusion is likely to be true.A fallacy is, very generally, an error in reasoning. This differsfrom a factual error, which is simply being wrong about the facts. To bemore specific, a fallacy is an "argument" in which thepremises given for the conclusion do not provide the needed degree ofsupport. A deductive fallacy is a deductive argument that is invalid (itis such that it could have all true premises and still have a falseconclusion). An inductive fallacy is less formal than a deductivefallacy. They are simply "arguments" which appear to beinductive arguments, but the premises do not provided enough support forthe conclusion. In such cases, even if the premises were true, theconclusion would not be more likely to be true.Examples of FallaciesInductive ArgumentPremise 1: Most American cats are domestic house cats.Premise 2: Bill is an American cat.Conclusion: Bill is domestic house cat. Factual ErrorColumbus is the capital of the United States.Deductive FallacyPremise 1: If Portland is the capital of Maine, then it is in Maine.Premise 2: Portland is in Maine.Conclusion: Portland is the capital of Maine.(Portland is in Maine, but Augusta is the capital. Portland is the largest city in Maine, though.)Inductive FallacyPremise 1: Having just arrived in Ohio, I saw a white squirrel.Conclusion: All Ohio Squirrels are white.(While there are many, many squirrels in Ohio, the white ones are very rare).[ Index ] Home · Funding · Search · Site Map · What's New? · Make Nizkor yourhome page© The Nizkor Project, 1991-2008This site is intended for educational purposes to teach about the Holocaust and to combat hatred. Anystatements or excerpts found on this site are for educational purposes only.As part of these educational purposes, Nizkor may include on this website materials, such as excerptsfrom the writings of racists and antisemites. Far from approving these writings, Nizkor condemns them and providesthem so that its readers can learn the nature and extent of hate and antisemitic discourse. Nizkor urges the readersof these pages to condemn racist and hate speech in all of its forms and manifestations. |
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42 | informal | logical | fallacies | explained | by | Dr. | Michael | C. | Labossiere, | including | examples. |
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The Nizkor Project: Fallacies 2008 October
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42 informal logical fallacies explained by Dr. Michael C. Labossiere, including examples.
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