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Title: History/By Time Period/Sixteenth Century - The Sixteenth Century Describes society during this time period.
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Sixteenth CenturyThe Sixteenth Century The Fight Between Carnival and Lent, Pieter Bruegelthe Elder, 1559The sixteenth century in Europe was a time of unprecedented change.It was the beginning of the modern era, and it saw a revolution in almostevery aspect of life. The century opened with the discovery of a new continent.The renaissance in Italy was peaking and spreading north, even arrivingin backwaters like England. Life was largely prosperous for the averageperson, the economy was growing. The mechanisms of commerce, systems ofinternational finance, ocean-going trading fleets, an entrepreneurial bourgeoisie,were all building a recognizably capitalist, money-basedeconomy. Geniuses were stepping all over each other on the street cornersproducing scientific innovation after innovation. Technological innovationslike gunpowder were changing the nature of warfare and the military castenature of society -- the cannon probably had a great deal to do with therise of the centralized nation state as we know it. The printing presscreated a media revolution. It brought ideas, partisan rhetoric, and how-tomanuals to the people. Most of all, it brought the Bible, in its originaltongues and in the vernacular, to the masses. A spirit of inquiry, a desireto return to first principles, was blowing through the Church, which hadbeen the unifying cultural foundation of Europe for a millenium.The first half of the century saw what contemporaries viewed as themost earth-shattering change in the century: the Reformation.The cultural consensus of Europe based on universal participation in theBody of Christ was broken, never to be restored. Along with the Reformationcame challenges to secular society. The nature and organization of powerand government came under reevaluation as well. No one could imagine religiouschange without it going hand-in-hand with social and political change,as indeed it did.There were other things fueling the furnaces of change. The economywas a prosperous one at the beginning of the century, with even the averagepeasant able to afford a bit of meat in the stew pot. People were optimisticabout the future, they were having larger familiesandthe population was growing. The combination of population pressure andinflation exacerbated by the flow of gold and silver from the New Worldsaw a price rise that cut effectivewages in half by about mid-century. Changing economic conditions saw manypeasants lose their land as the terms of their tenancy become much lessfavorable, while land was becoming concentrated in the hands of the elites,especially the rising bourgeousie. Homelessness and vagrancy were on therise, and towns experienced a sense of crisis trying to deal with the poor.By the end of the century, a peasant almost never saw meat, and many ofthem had reached such a state of despair about the future that they engagedin widespread revolts. Tensions between the socialorders were high on many levels.Athough the peasants and more marginal classes of people were struggling,the middle class was growing and generally becoming more powerful. In aport city like Calais, located on the north Atlanticwith an active maritime trade with the English, Dutch, and other Frenchports, the quality of material life saw an overall improvement. Peoplein towns had leisure time to spend in |
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