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Index of Western Yugur Folktales
WESTERN YUGUR FOLKTALES
Western Yugur literature is transmitted orally. Usually, traditional
narrative literature is divided into folktales, which are fictitious;
legends, which deal with historical events or supernatural experiences
and are told as being true, and myths, which deal with the creation of the
world and the establishment of civilisation, and concern the sacred. The
historical tales and religious texts are dealt with separately in the
sections on the history and
religion of the Yugur. Tales from
daily life are presented in the section on the
Yugur people. Other genres of literature
can be found in separate sections:
songs,
proverbs, and
riddles.
The tales below have been collected by Yugurologists;
they represent the first, and so far the only, written testimonies of the
Western Yugur language. The style of these tales, which were written down
from the mouth of the storytellers, is vivid and direct. The translations
here keep as close to the original Western Yugur texts as possible, with a
minimum of editing. From the 1980s onwards, Chinese translations of Yugur
tales have been published, but some of these have been heavily edited, adding
elaborate descriptive passages and moralisations.
In order to facilitate their research as to their
structure and distribution, folktales are classified into types and indexed
following the classical work The Types of the Folk-tale by Aarne
and Thompson, the so called AT index.
This work deals mainly with European folktales. Indices of non-European tales
often present different or additional types and subtypes which have been
assigned a preliminary type number only. Therefore, these indices may differ
among each other in their attribution of a type number. Some researchers of
folktales consider the traditional AT-index not suitable for classifying
non-European tales at all and offer independent indices. Thus Ting's
classification of Chinese folktales essentially follows the traditional AT
index; Lörincz' classification of Mongol folktales presents both an
independent index as well as an AT index, and the classification of Chinese
tales by Eberhard, and of Turkish folktales by Eberhard and Boratav follow
yet other independent systems.
According to their protagonists, themes, and structure,
folktales can be subdivided in animal tales, ogre tales, tales of magic,
and romantic, comical, and religious tales.
Animal tales are folktales in which personified animals are the protagonists.
The theme of most animal tales is the struggle for existence, often boiling
down to the quest for food, of eating or being eaten. Usually a small and
weak, but smart, animal overcomes a big and strong, but stupid, predator by
tricks and pranks. In Western Yugur animal tales, the trickster is often a
hare, and the predator a wolf, sometimes with the fox as his stooge.
The Western Yugur folktale of The Friendship of the Wolf, the Fox, and
the Raven is less concerned with trickster pranks; the theme of
friendship between animals may be of Buddhist origin. The Western Yugur
literature attested so far features no etiological animal tales (tales
explaining the origin of animals or animal behaviour), while Eastern Yugur
literature features a number of etiological animal tales that also occur in
several other Mongolic languages.
Tales of ogres and ogresses are folktales in which a man-eating monster
threatens to eat people, especially little children. In Western Yugur
folktales,
the man-eater is usually an ogress, fond of sucking blood. She is called
mangqys, a word of Mongolic origin. The mangqys may appear as a
witch-like old woman or as a many-headed monster. In Salar tales, the ogress
is called müngys-qarjakh, and in Uygur tales, she is called
jälmüngüs.
Tales of magic are folktales in which the protagonist sets out on a quest;
after initial failure s/he succeeds in overcoming the encountered villain or
other difficulties, usually with the help of a magical agent. Often the tale
concludes with the marriage of the protagonist. An elaborate analysis of the
structure of tales of magic was presented by Propp.
The theme of many tales of magic is the process of maturation of the
protagonist, the path s/he has to walk to find his or her happiness.
In Western Yugur folktales, the hero or heroin is usually a poor person.
As magical helper the white-haired old man can make his appearance.
In romantic tales or novelles, the protagonist falls back on his or her own
resourcefulness, rather than on a magical agent. Some tales in this category
are reminiscent of Chinese literary works.
In comical tales, cheats, liars, and fools comment on social conventions and
the clerus by their naive or obscene pranks.
Religious tales deal with supernatural events or teach religious morals and
values. Some tales derive from the Kanjur, the canonical work of
Lamaist Buddhism. Although the Yugur people were mostly illiterate, monks
learned the Tibetan scriptures.
It appears that the Western Yugur people share many folktales with the
Mongol peoples, Tibetans, and Chinese.
A further method of researching folktales is not by
comparing tales in their entirity, but by comparing smaller elements
(episodes or specific objects) called motifs. These motifs are indexed
following the six-volume classical work Motif-Index of Folk-Literature.
A Classification of Narrative Elements in Folktales, Ballads, Myths, Fables,
Mediaeval Romances, Exempla, Fabliaux, Jest-Books and Local Legends by
Thompson, or Motif Index.
Specific motifs may occur embedded in different folktale types.
Meet the storytellers of the Western Yugur
folktales.
Have a look at the explanation of
Western Yugur and other foreign words occurring in the folktales.
Index of Folktales
Animal tales
Folktales of the type The Wolf and the Kids
The Story of Inviting Uncle Wolf
The Song of the Fox
The Mangqys and Tutuqash
Folktales of the type Wait Till I Am Fat Enough!
The Story of the Wolf, the Ewe, and the Hare
The White Ewe That Went to Lhasa (Eastern Yugur)
The Sheep, the Lamb, the Wolf and the Hare (Tibetan)
Eat Me When I'm Fatter (external link)
The Smart Hare (Tibetan)
How the Hare Rescued the Sheep (Khalkha)
The Clever Rabbit (Khalkha)
Siddhi Kür. Tale XXI (Literary Kalmuck)
The Tiger, the Monkey, and the Stag (Chinese)
Folktales containing Animal Pranks
The Wolf
A Tale of the Ox, the Ram and the Billy Goat (Khalkha)
The Wise Ram (Khalkha)
How the Hare Got His Lip Split (Tibetan)
How the Hare Made a Fool of the Wolf (Tibetan)
The Friendship of the Wolf, the Fox, and the Raven
The Camel that Lost its Antlers (Eastern Yugur)
The Camel and the Deer (Khalkha)
The Camel and the Deer (Mongol, external link)
The Camel (Tuva, external link)
The Mule, the Magpie and the Sun (Eastern Yugur)
Tales of ogres and ogresses
Folktales of the type The Helpful Objects
The Old Woman and the Cow
The Story of the Cow
The Male Goat and the Mangqys
The One Span Tall Old Man (Khalkha)
The Old Woman and the Müngys-Qarjakh (Salar)
Tutyrja and the Müngys-Qarjakh (Salar)
The Old Mangudze (Monguor)
An Old Woman Cries for Help (Huzhu Monguor)
The Werewolf (Chinese)
The Old Woman and the Tiger (Chinese)
The Old Woman and the Tiger (Korean)
A Needle's Determination (Nepali)
A Jackal Tries to Steal a Hen (Lepcha)
Revenge (Mizoram)
The Jackal Punished (Santali)
How Master Thumb Defeated the Sun (Burman)
Folktales of the type The Ogress Grandmother and the Children
Mangqys Grandmother
The Müngys-Qarjakh (Salar)
The Mangus (Huzhu Monguor)
The Old Mangudze (Monguor)
Grandmother Wolf (Chinese)
The Leopard (Chinese)
The Werewolf (Chinese)
The Three Sisters (Dagur, external link)
The Origin of the Sun and the Moon (Korean)
The Three Little Girls (Korean)
The Sun, the Moon and the Evening Star (Burman)
Folktales of the type The Abandoned Children
The Story of the Three Girls (1)
The Story of the Three Girls (2)
The Ogre and the Five Girls
Three Orphan Sisters (Huzhu Monguor)
Beggar Father (Minhe Monguor)
The Seven Daughters (Ordos)
The Animals' Cave (Chinese)
Tales of magic
Folktales of the type The Golden, the Silver, and the Wooden Girl
The Story of Ahltamso, Kumpinso and Chorghawash
Ahltymso, Kumpinso and Chorghawash
Altamsy and Kundemsy
Gold Sister, Silver Sister and Wood Girl (Yugur)
The Piebald Lamb and the Daughter of the Noyon (Khalkha)
Yogh-tamu-ntso (Tibetan)
The Wicked Girl (Tibetan)
The Two Princesses (Tibetan)
The Princesses' Evil Maid Servant (Tibetan)
Folktales of Vampires and Evil Sisters-In-Law
Qongyrchen and Yangqyssaq
Yangqysaq and Qongyrjan
Gongerjian and Yangkesa (Yugur)
Blue Cloth (Yugur)
Eldee and Deldee (Khalkha)
Folktales of the type The Vampire Wife
Khamjimso Puhrchaq
King Vikramaditya. Chapter XIII. (Literary Mongol)
Folktales of the type The Grateful Animals and the Ungrateful Man
The Grateful Animals
The Triumph of Justice (Salar)
A Toad Bestows a Treasure (Huzhu Monguor)
Turdikhari and the King (Uygur)
The Revived Dead Man (Tibetan)
Folktales of the type The Grateful Animals and the Magic Jewel
The Mouse, the Hare, the Wolf and the Jewel
The Grateful Animals (Tibetan)
The Fortunes of Shrikantha (Literary Kalmuck)
The Cat and the Dog (Khalkha)
Why Dog and Cat are Enemies (Chinese)
Folktales of the type The Musician and the Dragon King
The Idler's Adventure
The Three Sons
Three Brothers Learn Through Wordly Experiences (Huzhu Monguor)
Romantic tales and novellas
Folktales of the type The Tests for the Princess' Suitors
The Clever Monk
Monk Kartampa
The Legend of the Fortune Telling Shoulder Bone (Khalkha)
Folktales of the type The King and the Magistrate's Grandson
The Smart Boy (1)
The Smart Boy (2)
The Clever Servant (Chinese)
Folktales of the type The Two Travelers
The Blind Man and the Wild Animals
The Talking Wooden Bolt
The Good Lama (Khalkha)
The Sick Girl (Ordos)
The Stepmother's Heart (Salar)
The Good Man and the Bad One (Ishkashmi, external link)
Folktales of the type Years of Experience in a Moment
The Magic of the Old Monk
The Old Magician (Khalkha)
The Headman and the Magician (Tibetan)
Folktales of the type The King As Thief
The King's Son as Thief (1)
The King's Son as Thief (2)
Folktales about The Reverses of Faith
The Reverses of Faith (1)
The Reverses of Faith (2)
The Mysterious Advice
The Evil Stepmother
The Mother and the Son
The Pyhrqan's Son
The Boy Who Fell in Love with a Ghost
The Triumph of Justice and the Punishment of Treason
Comical tales: trickster tales, bawdy tales and numskull tales
Folktales of the type The Profitable Exchange
The Smart Boy, Who Bartered a Mouse for a Horse and a Beautiful Wife
Palangsang (Ordos)
Old Man Ookhàny (Buryat)
Orphan Boy (Dagur, external link)
Mota Shah (Punjabi)
Trading Up (2) (external link)
Trading Up (1) (external link)
Folktales of the type The Ugly Groom
How the Ugly Boy Pretends to Be Beautiful and Marries a Beauty, or, The Pyhrqans Who Change the Appearance of People
The Ugly Son (Japanese)
The Misleading Suitor
Folktales of the type The Waggish Son-in-Law as Thief
The Trickster Thief
The Ear-Like Boy (Khalkha)
Folktales of the type The Three Corpses
The Smart Woman, or, The Living Corpse
The Old Woman and the Beggar (Salar)
The Three Baldheads (Dungan)
Folktales of the type Castrating the Statue
The Monk and the Woman
Folktales about Bitten-Off Tongues
The Bitten-Off Tongue (1)
The Bitten-Off Tongue (2)
The Master Illusionist
The Raven
The Three Sons-in-Law
Folktales of the type Numskulls Unable to Count Their Own Number
The Seven Fools
The Story of the Seven Simpletons (Kachari)
The Stupid Peasant (Kashmiri)
Fools Cannot Count Themselves (external link)
Kyakug (Tibetan)
Nine or Ten (Iranian)
The Numskull
The Hunter Slaying His Father
The Goat Tails
Religious tales
Tales of the type Celestial Protection of the Innocent
The Buddhist Prayer (1)
The Buddhist Prayer (2)
Tales of the type The Reverses of Fate
The Reverses of Fate (1)
The Reverses of Fate (2)
Tales of the type Travelling Deities
The Travelling Pyhrqans
The Journey of the Silver Men (Chinese)
Tales of the type Beauty Through Faith
Beauty Through Faith
Dorje (Tibetan)
Vajra, the Daughter of King Prasenajit (Literary Mongol)
Tales of the type The Misled Murderer Converted
The Converted Monk
Midungwa Ssorprengchun (Tibetan)
Angulimala, or Finger-Necklace (Literary Mongol)
The Instructiveness of Dreams
The Reward of Praying
The Flight of the Living Buddha
The Living Buddha's Hat
The Soldiers From the Egg
The Eight Immortals
Back to the Western Yugur Steppe
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