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Ancient / Classical History - Ancient Greece & Rome & Classics Research Guidevar ziRfw=0;function zIpSS(u){zpu(0,u,280,375,"ssWin")}function zIlb(l,t,f){var u=new Array([["1/XJ/W9","1/XJ/WP"],["1/XK/WB","1/XK/WQ"],["18/15m","1/XL/WR"]],[["18/15o","18/1Pp"]],[["1/XJ/WA","1/XJ/WP"],["1/XK/WC","1/XK/WQ"],["18/15m","1/XL/WR"],["18/15o","18/1Pp"]]);var p=l.parentNode.parentNode.parentNode.parentNode.id=="oC"?0:1;var clk;if(arguments.length==3){if(t==1){f=0}if(t==2&&!zIos(l.href)){f=3}clk=u[t][f][p]}else{var c=l.parentNode.parentNode.className;var t=c=="obE"?0:(c=="obS"?1:(c=="obO"?2:-1));var f=t==0?2:(t==1?0:(t==2&&zIos(l.href)?2:(t==2&&!zIos(l.href)?3:-1)));clk=u[t][f][p]}if(!clk)clk="18/15p";zT(l,clk)}function zIos(u){var r=(u.indexOf("&zu=")>0&&(u.substr(u.indexOf("&zu=")).indexOf("about.com")>0)||u.indexOf("http://")0)?false:true;return r}zOBT=" Ads"
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z930=zpreC(930,48);if(thin){z930=0};z160=zpreC(160,600);z336=zpreC(336,280);z728=zpreC(728,90);z155=zpreC(336,155);zItw=160;if(thin)gEI('abw').className='thin';Search Ancient / Classical Historyvar h2=document.getElementsByTagName("h2")[0];if(h2.getElementsByTagName("a")[0].firstChild.nodeValue.length>28)h2.className="long";HomeEducationAncient / Classical Historyif(z930==0 && z728>0){adunit('','',uy,ch,gs,728,90,'1','lb',1)} Emailw(x2+zWl+'?p=1" zT="18/1[N" rel="nofollow">Print')Ancient HistoryWars & PeaceMyth & ClassicsPeople & Places if(z930>0){adunit('','',uy,ch,gs,930,48,'1','s',1)}Must ReadsGods and GoddessesAncient MapsWhy Did Rome Fall?Where Can I Find a Latin Translation?Persian Wars - Battle of Thermopylae  Guide since 1997 N.S. GillAncient History Guide Sign up for my NewsletterMy Bio My BlogMy Forum Browse TopicGreeceRomeLatin / Ancient WritingMyth / BeliefsHomer / Troy / OdysseyStudying Ancient HistoryWarfare / ViolencePeople and PlacesScience / Math / MedicineArt and ArchaeologyWay of Life in AntiquityPolitics / EconomyAlexander the Great Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great may claim the title of the greatest military leader the world has ever known.Read moreFamous Ancient PeopleMost Important People to Know in Ancient HistoryPericlesConstantineEgypt Moses and the Pharaoh King Tutzob();How a Hero Survives the Land of Death When an epic hero goes to the Underworld, poets celebrate it in a scene called a nekuia. Only heroes or gods can go to the land of death and come out alive. Under extraordinary circumstances, they may be allowed to bring another back up to the light.Read moreMore on Death and NekuiasRoman BurialsAeneas Goes to the UnderworldPsyche Goes to the UnderworldN.S.Gill's Ancient History BlogAdd to: iGoogleMy Yahoo!RSSAn Ancient Greek Writer Who Was Pro-DemocracyMonday October 13, 2008 Not all ancient Greeks were in favor of Athenian democracy, but the Attic orator Aeschines (389-314 B.C.) was. Aeschines had argued against submitting to Philip of Macedon (who was in the process of taking control of the Greek city-states) and was sent to negotiate. When Aeschines returned to Athens, he had changed his mind. He tried to reconcile the Athenians to the Macedonian expansion and was accused of treason by Demosthenes and Timarchus. [Eventually, Aeschines did contribute to Philip's takeover.] Aeschines countered with a charge of treason (based on immorality) against Timarchus. It is his speech against Timarchus that includes the following passage [English translation by Charles Darwin Adams, 1919] showing his view of democracy and the rule of law:
1.4. It is acknowledged, namely, that there are in the world three forms of government, autocracy, oligarchy, and democracy: autocracies and oligarchies are administered according to the tempers of their lords, but democratic states according to established laws. [5] And be assured, fellow citizens, that in a democracy it is the laws that guard the person of the citizen and the constitution of the state, whereas the despot and the oligarch find their protection in suspicion and in armed guards. Men, therefore, who administer an oligarchy, or any government based on inequality, must be on their guard against those who attempt revolution by the law of force; but you, who have a government based upon equality and law, must guard against those whose words violate the laws or whose lives have defied them; for then only will you be strong, when you cherish the laws, and when the revolutionary attempts of lawless men shall have ceased. [6] And it behooves us, I think, not only when we are enacting laws, to consider always how the laws that we make may be good and advantageous to the democracy, but when once we have enacted them, it equally behooves us, if all is to be well with the state, to obey the laws that we have enacted, and to punish those who do not obey them.
Although Aeschines was successful in destroying Timarchus, later Demosthenes successfully prosecuted him. Aeschines went to Rhodes in exile.
Does this vision of democracy sound anything like modern democracies to you? Do the laws or a police body guard the people? Is it possible to reconcile "must guard against those whose words violate the laws" with "freedom of speech"?
Photo of a bust of Aeschines from ChrisO/Wikipedia.
Comments (0)PermalinkOn This Day in Ancient History - October 13Monday October 13, 2008 In 54 A.D., on this day in ancient Rome, Emperor Claudius died, supposedly succumbing to a case of poisoned mushrooms. Emperors could become cult figures after death by being deified, thus The Apocolocyntosis, attributed to Seneca, describes the deification of Claudius, only in the case of the bumbling scholarly emperor, it was deification with a twist. Instead of simply turning into an anthropomorphic god, Claudius became a pumpkin.Because his adopted father died, the last of the Julio-Claudians, Nero, became emperor. Claudius had a son of his own, but was evidently persuaded by his treacherous wife Agrippina the Younger to adopt her son. Upon completion of the arrangement, it is believed that Agrippina arranged for the poisoning.ApocolocyntosisSenecaClaudiusRoman Mothers
On This Day in Ancient History - Death of Emperor ClaudiusClaudius image © Clipart.comComments (0)Permalink See More Blog EntrieszSB(2,5);Free Ancient History Newsletter!Sign Upif(z336>0){w(''+ap[0]+at[4]+as[0]);adunit('','','about.com',ch,gs,336,280,'1','bb',3);w('')}if(z155>0){w(''+ap[0]+at[4]+as[0]);adunit('','','about.com',ch,gs,336,155,'1','ps',4);w('')} Discuss Recent Comments Semper Ubi Sub Ubi Mary Lefkowitz' Race Odyssey Wordless Wednesday - Moses Community Forum New posts to the Ancient/Classical History forums:Latin translate: Help neededE Clampus Vitus ;-)"e pluribus unAm" if(zp[7].d){Dsp(zp[7],'ip')}if(zp[4].d){Dsp(zp[4],'ip')}if(zp[11].d){Dsp(zp[11],'ip')}zSB(3,3)Explore Ancient / Classical HistoryMust ReadsGods and GoddessesAncient MapsWhy Did Rome Fall?Where Can I Find a Latin Translation?Persian Wars - Battle of ThermopylaeMost PopularMajor Gods and Goddesses of the WorldFall of RomeI.E. vs. E.G.Latin TranslationLove GoddessesSearchBy CategoryGreeceRomeLatin / Ancient WritingMyth / BeliefsHomer / Troy / OdysseyStudying Ancient HistoryWarfare / ViolencePeople and PlacesScience / Math / MedicineArt and ArchaeologyWay of Life in AntiquityPolitics / EconomysplitList(gEI('bc2').getElementsByTagName('ul')[0]); More from About.com Work Hard, Travel EasyThe best tips for business travelers. Dog CareGet tips on training and caring for dogs of all ages. 48 Hours in VegasPlan a hot weekend in Sin City. Hotel AdviceThe must-stay hotels worldwide. Browse All About.comprepareTools();zCi();validateForms();Ancient / Classical Historyvar h2=document.getElementsByTagName("h2")[0];if(h2.getElementsByTagName("a")[0].firstChild.nodeValue.length>28)h2.className="long";HomeEducationAncient / Classical HistoryMost PopularLatest ArticlesAdd to: iGoogleMy Yahoo!RSSAdvertising InfoNews & EventsWork at AboutSiteMapAll TopicsReprintsHelpUser AgreementEthics PolicyPatent Info.Privacy PolicyOur StoryBe a Guide©2008 About.com, a part of The New York Times Company.All rights reserved.![]() var tcdacmd="dt;da"; |
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