| Related sites for http://www.prtc.net/~morality/porno/research.htm |
| Socialist_Alternative-List_--_SALT-L Website for joining SALT-L, the announcement listserv of the Socialist Alternative group in Canada. SALT-L provides notice of upcoming meetings, rallies and events as well as articles and reports from | | Oglesby,_Rachael Photographs, biography, news clippings, and music. | | Alahmad,_Wissam Photographs, details of AMD overclocking, and personal information. | | Alicea,_Jose Includes personal information, photographs, family, and links. | | Teo,_Melvin_-_Mel\'cious Diaries, life story, music and drama, and photographs. | | Slovak_Links Large collection of links to Slovak and Slovak-American websites. | | Vandoren,_Bram A step-by-step process of how to install Ubuntu Linux on an Acer Travelmate 4651lci laptop. | | Vennard Family history, relatives and name origin. Includes photographs, stories, poems, family trees, maps, and personal notes. | | Austin_Family_Tree Ancestors and relations of James Arthur Austin born in Govan, Glasgow on 15 October 1896 . | | Sander_Family_History Ancestral heritage of David Sander featuring the surnames Sander, Tracht, Frobose and Dickerson. | | Sonnenberg_Family_History Special emphasis on lines which settled in western Kansas in 1870. | | Xavier_Zubiri\'s_Critique_of_Hume\'s_Analysis_of_Causality Paper from the Paideia Project by Thomas B. Fowler. | | Rachel\'s_Environment_and_Health_News A free weekly email newsletter published by the Environmental Research Foundation. Complete archive available online. | | Italy Permanent Representation of Italy to the European Union, with a staff list and a detailed list of ongoing activities. | | The_Source__Help_Villages Church ministry based in Bishop, California, seek financial support for start-up costs to enable nationals to build schools and educate children in African villages. | | Human_Rights_Watch Documents and reports on refugees, internally displaced persons and asylum seekers worldwide. | | Dharma_Friendship_Foundation Dedicated to the study and practice of Buddhism. Online library of articles and Dharma audio, plus class information. Resident teacher: Venerable Thubten Chodron. Located in Seattle, Washington. | | UK_Firewalk Assists individuals and corporations with assembling a firewalking event in the UK. | | Turkmenistan Permanent mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations, with country facts and basic foreign policy documents including the UN Resolution on the Permanent Neutrality of Turkmenistan. | | The_Environmental_Impact_of_Immigration_into_the_United_States Argues that "the current high rate of immigration into the United States of America has adverse environmental impacts upon America, and upon the world as a whole." |
|
The Evidence of HarmMORALITY IN MEDIA RESEARCHON PORNOGRAPHY:THEEVIDENCEOFHARMBack to MATERIALSand RESOURCES Pornography's Relationship to Rape and AgressionToward Women Pornography's Relationship to Child Sexual Exploitationand Abuse Perceptual and Dispositional Consequences or PornographyConsumptionPornography's Relationship To Rape and AggressionToward WomenReturn to TopThe ProblemNational Obscenity Enforcement Unit of the U.S.Department of Justice Rape rate has climbed 43% in the last 10 years (reportedMay 1988) The highest incidence of rape victims are teenagersbetween the ages of 16 and 19 Finkelhor (1979); Kanin & Parcell (1977);Koss & Oros (1982) "It has been estimated that in the U.S. betweenone-fifth and one-fourth of the female population is subjected to rape." Russell (1984) Nearly 45% of women in a San Francisco randomsample reported that they were subjected to at least one rape or attemptedrape in their lifetime. 82% of the rapes were committed by non-strangersand 2/3 of the victims were assaulted by acquaintances or friends Koss (1987) 84% of college students who were victimsof completed rapes knew their assailant and two thirds of them were assaultedby a date. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1986) The number of forcible rapes and the ratesper 100,000 population doubled in the decade of the 60's and then doublesagain in the decade of the 70's -- the time of the "sexual revolution"in America. Abel, et al (1987) "The frequency of self-reported crimes" forthe non-incarcerated sex offenders they studied "was vastly greater thanthe number of crimes for which they had been arrested. The ratio of arrestto commission of the more violent crimes such as rape and child molestationwas approximately 1:30." Zillmann & Bryant (1982); Zillman, in press "Research has shown that as sexual callousnessgrows in strength, rape is considered a lesser transgression." Mosher & Sirkin (1984) There is a strong relationship between sexuallycallous attitudes and histories of forceful, coercive, aggressive sexualconquests. Milton (1973) He reported that two thirds of a sample ofconvicted rapists frequently fantasized forcible sadistic acts. Storm (1981); Kelly & Byrne (1978) Symbolic events that are incorporated inmasturbatory fantasies and activities become closely associated with sexualexcitement and this association will foster expectations of great rewardingsensations from acting out the callous, coercive actions that initiallyhad symbolic character only. Pornography in this context, provides thematerial for fantasies that easily come to mind at later time and thenconstitute the takeoff for personal fantasies that are similar in kind.It thus guides imagery, imagination, fantasies, and expectations. Sequentially,exposure to external aggressive sexual imagery increases the probabilityof engaging in overt coercive behavior. Koss (1987) Only 5% of women college students who reportedforced sex during the previous year reported the incident to the police. Russell (1984) Less than 10% of rapes reported in the SanFrancisco survey had been reported to the police. Kanin (1969); Mosher (1971); Koss & Oros (1982) "about one-fourth of male college studentsadmitted to having made forcible attempts at intercourse" National Crime Survey U.S. Department of Justice Forcible rape has increased by 562% (73,240cases) since 1960; by 11% between 1983 and 1986.Does Pornography Promote Abuse?Gray, Susan (1982) "Levels of aggression in already-angeredmen are increased by exposure to hard-core materials." Federal Bureau of Investigation Research conducted involving 36 serial murderersrevealed that 81% (29/36) reported pornography as one of their highestsexual interests, making pornography one of the most common profile characteristicsof serial murderers. Dr. William Marshall (1983) He found that 86% of rapists admitted regularuse of pornography, with 57% admitting actual imitation of pornographyscenes in commission of sex crimes. Malamuth (1981) Responses found to characterize (convicted)rapists were:1) general acceptance of rape myths, and2) high arousal to rape depictions.He studied male college students, asking them,"How likely would you be to rape if you knew you would not be caught?"--35% indicated they would. Malamuth and Check (1985) After studying 307 students, they concludedthat "media depictions (pornography) suggesting that (showing that) raperesults in the victim's arousal contributes to men's belief in a similarrape myth -- particularly men with higher inclinations to aggress againstwomen." Victor Cline, Ph.D. (Utah Psychologist) He identified a common pattern of progressionwith many pornography users (sex offenders):1. addiction to hard core pornography;2. escalation in the need for more shocking material;3. desensitization toward initially shocking material;and4. an increased tendency to "act out" sexual activities Zillmann, Dolf (1982) Findings show that massive exposure (4 hoursforty minutes over six weeks) to standard pornography (people having consensual,nonviolent sex) resulted in1. a loss of compassion toward women as rape victimsand toward women in general;2. a loss of concern about the effects of pornographyon others;3. a need for more violent and bizarre forms ofsex;4. a desensitization to violent, non-coercivehard core pornography; and 5. a trivialization of rape. Michigan State Police ( Lt. Darrell H. Pope) Studied and recorded the use of pornographyin sex crimes. He researched 48,000 sex crimes spanning a 20 year period(1956-1979). (Research was done in 1977, replicated in 1981).In 42% of the 48,000 sex crimes investigated,police indicated that pornography was involved -- used just prior to, orduring the act of sexual assault -- as stated by the victim or the offender. Silbert and Pines (1984) A detailed content analysis of 193 casesof rape and of 178 cases of juvenile sexual abuse revealed a clear relationshipbetween violent pornography and sexual abuse. Goldstein, Kant and Harman (1973) Rapists are 15 times as likely as non-offenders(30% to 2%) to have had exposure to "hard core" pornography during childhoodor between 6 to 10 years of age. They also tended to report an earlierage of "peak experience" with pornography."It is highly likely, based upon McGaugh's studieson memory, that the early experiences "stood out in the minds" of thesechildren because of the release of the chemical epinephrine during theiremotional arousal. This makes these findings even more disturbing.Pornography's Relationship To Child Sexual Exploitationand AbuseReturn to TopThe ProblemThe National Coalition For Children's Justice(Ken Wooden) Between 1981 and 1985, child sexual abuserose by 175%. Child molestation cases in the home in 1986 were 216,216. National Center of Child Abuse and Neglect, Children'sBureau, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Study of NationalIncidence and Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect (1988) (NIS-2) There were 138,000 children abused sexuallyin 1986, and another 17,000 in danger and at risk of being sexually abused. U.S. Department of Justice, Network News, FallEdition (1985) "One in three females and one in ten maleswill be sexually molested before the age of 18. Four million child molestersreside in this country." Abel (1985) A study of 411 non-incarcerated sex offenders(sexual deviants or paraphiliacs) showed that sex offenders attempted anaverage of 581 sex offenses each, completed an average of 533 offenses,and victimized 336 people each over a 12 year period. This included pedophiles(child molesters). Abel, et al (1987) "The frequency of self reported crimes" (forthe non-incarcerated sex offenders they studied) "was vastly greater thanthe number of crimes for which they had been arrested. The ratio of arrestto commission of the more violent crimes such as rape and child molestationwas approximately 1:30. Report of the U.S. Congress Permanent Subcommitteeon Investigations on Child Pornography and Pedophilia (1986) "No single characteristic of pedophilia ismore pervasive than the obsession with child pornography. The fascinationof pedophiles with child pornography and child abuse has been documentedin many studies and has been established by hundreds of sexually explicitmaterials involving children."Detective William Dworin of the Los Angeles PoliceDepartment estimates that of the 700 child molesters in whose arrest hehas participated during the last ten years, more than half had child pornographyin their possession. About 80 percent owned either child or adult pornography.Child pornography plays a central role in childmolestations by pedophiles, serving to justify their conduct, assist themin seducing their victims, and provide a means to blackmail the childrenthey have molested in order to prevent exposure. Abel (1986) He studied 240 child molesters (pedophiles).They averaged 30 (homosexual or same-sex) to 60 (heterosexual) victimsbefore being caught. The typical child molester will sexually abuse 380children in a lifetime. Carter et al (1984) The Los Angeles Police Department reportedthat most child molesters were themselves molested as children. They tendto seek out victims of the age they were when first molested. One studyreported that 57% of molesters studied had been victims of child molestationthemselves.Does Pornography Promote Abuse?Dr. William Marshall (1983) 87% of girl child molesters and 77% of boychild molesters studied admitted to regular use of hard core adult pornography.The obscene material was used by these sex offenders for three reasons: (1) to stimulate themselves;(2) to destroy the consciences and lower the inhibitionsand resistance to sexual activity in their intended child victims; and(3) as teaching tools for the child to imitateor model in their real life sexual encounter with the adult. John Rabun, Exploited and Missing Children Unitof Louisville, KY "The Police/Social work team of the Exploitedand Missing Child Unit (EMCU) of Louisville, KY investigated 1,400 casesof children suspected of being victims of sexual exploitation. Over 40major cases involved the successful prosecution of adults involved withover 12 children each. One case involved 320 children. At the time of thearrest of and/or service of search warrants, all 40 of these adult predatorswere found with various forms of adult pornography, and in most cases childnudes and/or child pornography were also found."Over four years, the EMCU team learned to expectto always find adult pornography since it was used for:(1) the offender's own arousal;(2) self-validation of their own sex deviations;(3) extortion of child victims or other adults;and(4) deliberate and planned lowering of inhibitionsof child victims. The Badgley Report (1984) The report found that almost 60% of bothmale and female juvenile prostitutes had been asked to be the subject ofsexually explicit films or photographs; 12% of the girls and 20% of theboys had actually been used in making pornography; juvenile prostitutesare a high-risk group in regard to being exploited by pornographers.Two smaller American studies (Burgess: 755 ofyouth hustlers had participated in pornography; John Rabun: 37% had participated)emphatically confirm this finding. Silbert and Pines (1984) A detailed content analysis of 193 casesof rape and of 178 cases of juvenile sexual abuse revealed a clear relationshipbetween violent pornography and sexual abuse. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder111-R Pedophiles who act on their urges with childrencommonly develop excuses or rationalizations about their illegal sexualactivities toward the children:1) that they have "educational value" for thechild2) that the child derives "sexual pleasure" fromthem3) that the child was "sexually provocative" towardthem -- led them on.These three rationalizations are "themes thatare also common in pedophillic pornography." p.284. In other words, pornographyteaches three myths that pedophiles believe, and act on, when they molestchildren. Southern California Child Exploitation Task Force(1988) "One of the men we prosecuted had 50,000photographs of noncommercial child pornography in a storage locker. Headmitted molesting several hundred children following his release froma state hospital for a child molestation conviction. He even maintaineda ledger listing those molestations. He taught swimming and tennis to youngsters,some of whom became his victims."Perceptual and Dispositional Consequences of PornographyConsumptionReturn to TopThe ProblemWeaver (1987-in press) Pornography makes some men believe that womenwant to be raped. Exposure to pornography resulted in trivialization ofrape (as in Zillmann's studies) as a criminal offense. These effects aremost pronounced for sexually explicit materials devoid of violent content. Zillmann and Bryant (1988) "Adoption of such values can be viewed asthe direct result of absorbing the principal message of pornography: greatsexual joy and ecstasy are accessible to parties who just met, who arein no way committed to one another, and who will part shortly, never tomeet again.""The cliché" that only men are attractedto erotica and that only they might become disenchanted with the looksand sexual performance of their opposite gender partners is apparentlyin need of correction. Granted that women are less strongly drawn to pornography,those who consume it on a regular basis should be at a par with their malecounterparts in experiencing perceptual and dispositional changes regardingdissatisfaction with sexual partners.""Pornography seems likely to exacerbate (dissatisfactionabout sexual matters) by projecting partners and performances that areout of reach for many. A vicious circle of dissatisfaction seems to bethe result." Zillmann and Bryant (1982, 1984) In their investigations both male and femalesubjects were exposed in 6 consecutive weekly sessions to either nonviolenthard core pornography films or films with innocuous content. Three weeksafter such prolonged exposure, males and females who had been exposed topornography:1. Consistently overestimated the popularity ofall less common sexual practices (how many people indulge in these practices,and how often). They were tolerant "toward behaviors deemed deviant byothers." Linz (1985) quoted in Zillmann, 1989 (in press) Male subjects were exposed to violent female-victimizing,non-pornographic films such as the Texas Chainsaw Massacre. Men came toreport fewer emotional disturbances from the shock of the evidence whenthey were exposed to four similar other films -- they got accustomed tothe violence and diminished degradation of women. In the subsequent trialthis perceptual shift was carried over. "Men who had consumed the seriesof violent films, compared to men without such exposure, came to judgethe victim of violent assault and rape as:1. having suffered less;2. having been injured less; and3. now being less worth altogether. Check (1985) Consumption of nonviolent hard core pornography-- but not violent hard core pornography -- was found to increase men'sself-acknowledged willingness to force compliance with their particularsexual desires in reluctant partners. Gutierres, et al (1983). Exposure to pornography, compared with exposureto neutral material, led males to perceive their own female mates as sexuallyless attractive. They had a tendency to report loving their mates lessafter exposure to the apparently intimidating beautiful nudes. Zillmann & Bryant (1988) They conducted a "performance contrasting"study of 160 adult males and females (students and non-students) who wereexposed to experimental treatment conditions (either hard core pornographyor nature films) in one-hour sessions for 6 consecutive weeks. The hardcore pornography included a wide range of heterosexual activities includingfellatio, cunnilingus, coition, and anal intercourse. None of the programscontained depictions of sexual violence, bondage and discipline, homosexuality,or bestiality.They found that pornography consumption affectedboth females and males uniformly on all measured aspects of happiness andsatisfaction. Exposure to hard core pornography diminished satisfactionwith the physical appearance of the respondents' sexual partner. It reduced satisfaction with his/her affection. It reduced satisfaction with his/her sexual behavioras such. It reduced satisfaction with his/her sexual inquisitiveness inparticular. It reduced satisfaction with the respondents' presentintimate relationship altogether. It reduced the importance of "faithfulness." It reduced the importance of "good family relations." It ENHANCED the importance of sex without emotionalinvolvement. |
|
