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Title: Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual/History/Pre-Modern Japan - Homoeroticism and Modernity from Kansei to Showa Abstracts of papers on Japanese homosexuality presented at the 1996 conference of the Association for Asian Studies in Ann Arbor, Michigan. |
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1996 AAS Abstracts: Japan Session 9
Session 9: Homoeroticism and Modernity from Kansei to Showa
Organizer and Chair: Timon Screech, SOAS, University of London
Discussant: Gregory M. Pflugfelder, Columbia University
To the best of our knowledge, no AAS panel has dealt with inter-male desire. But this
is a field of wide-ranging implications. We propose four papers on the theme of
homoeroticism, and how definitions, prohibitions and both inward and external pressures
within that discourse shaped a Japanese modernity, and continue to shape the emerging
Japanese politicized gayness.
This is a new area of study, and it will be apparent from this proposal that the
members are all in their early careers: it is normal for at least the discussant to be a
more senior scholar, but we have felt this panel required a different structure.
We are most anxious that historicity be taken seriously. It is to this end that we
limit ourselves to a single period-Kansei to early Showa, or 1789-1930. This is not a
standard periodization in historical study, but it works in this instance, cutting out at
one end the 'Golden Age' of nanshoku in mid-Edo, and at the other the
pathologization of homosexuality. This allows us to address the modernity that lies
between.
As the enclosed resumes show, Screech will define the opening of the period in Kansei
in a need to characterize inter-male sexuality as 'foreign' or 'historic.' Driscoll will
terminate with the intertwining of regulated sexuality with the 'patriotic Japanese male
subject.' Vincent and Saeki will address Meiji, the former considering linkages between
language and representation, and homoeroticism, and the latter looking at changes in
attitudes to male homosexuality in Meiji literature.
The Boys of Kansei
Timon Screech, SOAS, University of London
This paper defines a moment when forceful reassessment of inter-male eroticism
occurred, in tandem I suggest, with the beginning of Japanese modernity. The Kansei
Reforms (eponymous with the era, 1789-1800) are symptoms of an anxiety over fuzoku,
in which inter-male sexuality played a major part: it was widely discussed, or expunged
from discussion. Strategies were two:
1) The 'Golden Age' of nanshoku ('man-boy' sexual activity) is now identified as
Genroku, but did later Edo accept this? I propose that what is today located in Genroku
was thought of as received behavior throughout early Edo, but was then forced back during
Kansei into earlier history, especially Sengoku, removing nanshoku from the
Tokugawa dispensation. Wakashu portraits, for example, formerly popular, disappear
from Kansei art, likewise fuzoku paintings suggesting a normalcy for same-gender
eroticism; onna-girai (exclusive same-sex orientation, including adult) was utterly
submerged in the inequality of adult-child nanshoku.
2) These expulsions relate to Kansei readings of Japanese history. There is also the
intriguing phenomenon of discussions of same-sex eroticism in Rangaku (Dutch
Studies). Hardly a commentator omitted it. Yet discussion pointed out that such activity
was illegal in Europe and its colonies. This expelled inter-male sexual activity out of
even the polities of foreignness.
The Kansei experiment did not necessarily last, but it provided a defining moment, and
one from which the study of a gender modernity can sensibly start.
Genbun'itchi and Modern Sexuality
J. Keith Vincent, Columbia University
It has become virtually axiomatic among the new queer theorists from Foucault on that
modernity is an age characterized by an unprecedented convergence of gender identity with
sexual behavior. Interpreted in a narrow sense, this generates what has been called the
system of compulsory heterosexuality, according to which it is considered abnormal for
people to be attracted to members of the same sex. In a broad sense, however, this
convergence points to a connection between identity and behavior which I believe to be
linked to a new way of thinking about language and representation. I see in the anxious
privileging of the spoken above the written language that went by the name of genbun'itchi
in Meiji Japan an example of this new way of thinking. In this paper I will examine
polemic texts arguing in favor of several versions of genbun'itchi as interpreted
by Yamada Bimyô, Mozume Takami, and Wakabayashi Kanzô, one of Japan's first shorthand
practitioners. It will be my objective to demonstrate the ways in which these writers'
phonocentric privileging of the spontaneous speech act [the voice] as a momentary
crystallization of identity and behavior is complicit with the creation of a new regime of
identity. That regime of identity will be shown to be explicitly national but to derive
its naturalized authority from that convergence of identity and behavior that is most
paradigmatically expressed and enforced by the coupling of gender and sex.
Male Homosexuality in Meiji Literature: Its Traditional Aspects and Change
Through Meiji Modernization
Junko Saeki, Tetzukayama Gakuin University
Before the Westernization and modernization in the Meiji period, Japanese society had
shown a great tolerance toward male homosexuality. Unlike in most Western societies, male
homosexuality was considered neither a sexual perversion nor a sin in Japanese cultural
tradition. It flourished in medieval Buddhist temples, which excluded women, and its
tradition was succeeded in the early modern period by samurai society and kabuki theatre,
which both consisted of all males. Traditional Japanese male homosexuality had a religious
aspect that considered beautiful boys as sacred. It also resulted from the discrimination
against women which kept men away from women who were considered as the "inferior
sex" or "dirty sinful beings" from the male point of view.
Male homosexuality in Meiji society retained these traditional characteristics to some
extent. The popularity of boy love among shosei (young male students in Meiji
period) is often mentioned in Meiji literature such as Tsubouchi Shoyo's Tosei Shosei
Katagi or Mori Ogai's Vita Sexualis. Not a few young men at that time still
considered that women were not worth loving and preferred boys as their lovers because
they believed that they could improve their strength as "real men," both
emotionally and intellectually, through homosexual love. However, under the influence of
the Western ideal of love and Western psychiatry, both of which only justify heterosexual
relationships, Japanese intellectuals began to think that male homosexuality is
"unnatural" and "immoral." I would like to examine how this change in
attitude toward male homosexuality is seen in Meiji literature.
Seventy Years of Japanese Homosexuality? On "Compulsory Nationality"
Mark Driscoll, Cornell University
It has been powerfully demonstrated by Michel Foucault, David Halperin, and Eve
Kosofsky Sedgewick that one of the effects of the production of the category of the
homosexual in Euro-American modernity has been the postdated introduction of the category
"heterosexual." This homo/hetero matrix is contemporaneous with the violent
installation of a homosociality whose salient features are the absolute requirement of an
exclusively male group responsible for the maintenance and proliferation of the
socio-political power of patriarchy. But what subtends this new homosociality is the
absolute taboo for this homosocial continuum to "tip over" into male homoerotic
acts. The requirement for men-only groups to regulate social power within a power
knowledge regime that has newly created the stigmatized category of the male homosexual
and thus the centrality of a homosexual/heterosexual divide, rests fundamentally on the
taboo of men making love to other men. The modes of stigmatizing homoerotic acts between
men, contradictorily produce the category of the male homosexual, and this new category
called "the homosexual" can then be re-valorized by gay political movements.
This stigmatization and reversal of male homosexuality is called by Halperin "100
Years of Homosexuality"-taking place in Western Europe around the 1890s-and is
crucial for what Foucault calls "the history of sexuality."
But this queer studies analytic of a "compulsory heterosexuality" grounded on
gay abjection, will only go half way towards analyzing the sex-gender system that became
dominant in Japan in the late 1920s. For in that historical conjuncture, the normative
scripts for straightness whose hetero-normative identity is dependent on the a priori
abjection of homoeroticism (Japanese sexology or seiyokugaku), will be shown to be
in bed-although nervously and ambivalently-with an astonishingly gay positive discourse
(Iwata Jun'ichi) in the production of modern Japanese masculinity. My argument will try to
demonstrate that in the case of the production of modern Japanese masculinity,
homoeroticism will be in some cases positively represented and can be shown to not only
interfere with the production of male heterosexuality, but to actively contribute to the
hegemonic construction of an aggressively erotic and intensely patriotic Japanese male
subject. I will call this operation "compulsory nationality" and show how it
points to serious limitations when the Euro-American emphasis on "compulsory
heterosexuality" is applied to Japanese sexual modernity.
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Abstracts | of | papers | on | Japanese | homosexuality | presented | at | the | 1996 | conference | of | the | Association | for | Asian | Studies | in | Ann | Arbor, | Michigan. |
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